tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-663722715779414002024-03-05T14:49:06.883-08:00Reinsurance, Treaties, Facultative, Proportional, Non ProportionalReinsurance blog contains treaty, facultative, proportional, non proportional, quota share, surplus, excess of lossFajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comBlogger24125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-31651396725573924862020-06-13T09:42:00.001-07:002020-06-13T09:47:14.724-07:00Administrasi Premi dan Klaim Reasuransi<div style="text-align: justify;">
Berdasarkan kesepakatan antara <i>ceding company</i> dan reasuradur, perjanjian reasuransi akan dituangkan dalam <i>Cover Note</i> yang kemudian akan dijabarkan dalam <i>Reinsurance Treaty Wording</i> yaitu uraian secara rinci mengenai <i>terms and conditions</i> perjanjian tersebut.</div>
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<div style="text-align: justify;">Pelaksanaan lebih lanjut atas perjanjian tersebut adalah berkaitan dengan hak dan kewajiban masing-masing pihak. <i>Ceding company</i> berkewajiban memberikan premi reasuransi kepada reasuradur dan berhak menerima pembayaran klaim yang harus dibayarkan oleh reasuradur.</div>
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Berikut secara singkat diuraikan tentang administrasi premi dan klaim reasuransi untuk masing-masing bentuk reasuransi.</div>
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<b>A. Facultative</b></div>
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Distribusi dan pembayaran premi reasuransi secara <i>facultative</i> (fakultatif) adalah sesuai dengan <i>original terms and conditions (original policy)</i> serta kesepakatan antara <i>ceding company</i> dan reasuradur, dan dilakukan secara individual.</div>
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<i>Ceding company</i> akan mengirimkan <i>Facultative Reinsurance Slip</i> kepada reasuradur yang berisikan data dan informasi mengenai risiko yang dipertanggungkan, jaminan penutupan, saham reasuradur, dan lain-lain, termasuk jumlah dan jangka waktu pembayaran premi reasuransi setelah dikurangi dengan komisi reasuransi.</div>
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Sesuai dengan <i>original policy</i>, dalam hal terjadi klaim, <i>ceding company</i> harus pula memberikan informasi kepada reasuradur baik yang bersifat sementara (<i>Preliminary Loss Advice</i>) maupun yang pasti (<i>Definite Loss Advice</i>) sehingga reasuradur dapat mempersiapkan dan menyelesaikan segera kewajiban sahamnya kepada <i>ceding company.</i></div>
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Dalam kondisi tertentu, misalnya untuk klaim-klaim yang bersifat kompleks dan bernilai besar, atau penyelesaiannya akan dilakukan secara non teknis, terkadang <i>ceding company</i> bekerja sama dengan reasuradur sehingga penyelesaian atas klaim tersebut dapat dilaksanakan secara cepat dan objektif.</div>
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<b>B. Treaty</b></div>
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<b>B.1 Proportional Treaty</b></div>
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Premi reasuransi dalam <i>proportional treaty</i> umumnya diselesaikan melalui <i>Account Statement</i> yang harus disampaikan oleh <i>ceding company</i> kepada reasuradur secara periodik misalnya triwulanan (<i>quarterly</i>), semesteran (<i>hal yearly</i>), atau tahunan (<i>annualy</i>). Disamping premi reasuransi, dalam <i>Account Statement</i> berdasarkan kesepakatan dalam perjanjian sebelumnya juga dicantumkan <i>terms </i>lainnya seperti komisi reasuransi, <i>premium reserve</i>, dan lain-lain.</div>
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Adapun laporan dan penyelesaian klaim dapat dilaksanakan berdasarkan kondisi-kondisi berikut yang ada dalam perjanjian, antara lain dalam :</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;"><i>Account Statement</i>, dan penyelesaiannya dilakukan bersamaan dengan penyelsaian premi reasuransi.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><i>Claim Borderaux</i>, yang secara periodik harus pula disampaikan kepada reasuradur yang berisikan informasi penyelsaian klaim yang telah dilakukan oleh <i>ceding company</i>. Hal ini untuk memudahkan dalam monitoring klaim-klaim yang terdapat dalam <i>Account Statement</i> dan harus dibayar reasuradur.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><i>Preliminary Loss Advice</i>, yang harus dilaporkan kepada reasuradur untuk klaim-klaim yang telah terjadi dan melebihi jumlah tertentu.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;"><i>Cash Loss</i>, yang dimaksudkan bahwa <i>ceding company</i> dapat meminta reasuradur untuk segera menyelesaikan kewajiban atas klaim-klaim yang telah melebihi suatu jumlah tertentu.</li></ul>
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<b>B.2 Non Proportional Treaty</b></div>
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<i>Ceding company</i> harus segera menyelesaikan pembayaran premi reasuransi sesuai dengan jadwal yang telah ditentukan dalam perjanjian reasuransi. Oleh karena <i>non proportional treaty</i> ini mengcover kerugian-kerugian yang timbul serta untuk mempercepat kewajiban reasuradur dalam pembayaran klaim kepada <i>ceding company,</i> umumnya premi reasuransi harus dibayarkan di muka (<i>Cash in Advance</i>). Pembayaran ini dapat dilakukan secara menyeluruh (<i>full</i>) atau dengan cicilan, misalnya 2 (dua) atau 4 (empat) kali selama kontrak perjanjian reasuransi berlangsung.</div>
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Berdasarkan hal tersebut, pembayaran klaim oleh reasuradur harus segera diselesaikan. Adakalanya reasuradur juga terlibat dalam proses penanganan klaim dengan maksud untuk membantu <i>ceding company</i> dalam melakukan penyelesaian klaim kepada tertanggung.</div>
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Sumber :</div>
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Herman Tumbol, ACII, AAI-K. 1991. Kursus Asuransi Tingkat “C” MP.VI : Reasuransi. </div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-60366186419050378332020-06-10T10:18:00.001-07:002020-06-10T10:18:38.664-07:00Excess of Loss Reinsurance<div style="text-align: justify;">
This term is used to describe a form of non-proportional reinsurance the use of which has grown considerably during recent years.</div>
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The fundamental difference between non-proportional or excess of loss and the more traditional proportional or pro-rata form of reinsurance is that with the former there is no proportional sharing of the original risk between the ceding company and the reinsurer.</div>
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The cover provided by the reinsurer is the protection against losses over and above an agreed figure occurring within a specific account. As reinsurance, it is the most simple to operate, and for that reason, its administration costs are normally much less. In its various forms, it can supplement or even replace entirely proportional reinsurance and in the modern market, it is hard to imagine any account being written without the benefit of some excess of loss protection.</div>
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The 3 (three) most basic and currently used methods are:</div>
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<b>1. Catastrophe excess of loss</b></div>
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This is the earliest form of non-proportional reinsurance and is designed to protect the ceding company's net account against a loss or series of losses arising out of one event. Catastrophe excess loss protection can be sometimes effected an a ceding company's treaty as well as their net retention.</div>
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This form of protection is principally against disasters arising out of flood, earthquake, windstorm, explosion, and conflagration. Its effect is to limit the company's loss to an agreed figure which the company feels it could afford to lose without threatening its financial stability or perhaps ruining the results of its account that year. The excess point and extent of cover vary considerably, therefore, as to the size of the company, e.g., a small company would effect say a cover for USD 50,000 excess of USD 10,000 and a large company USD 500,000 excess of USD 250,000. The covers are widely differed at but the principle is exactly the same. This is best illustrated by imaging that the small company's net retention is USD 2000 and the large company's USD 50,000. Each, therefore, has a cover for a loss in excess of live retentions. The fixing of excess points and extent of cover depends on widely differing factors for each individual company and requires a great deal of expertise.</div>
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<b>2. Underwriting or working excess of loss</b></div>
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This is a more recent development in excess of loss protection and the basic idea is the same as in (a) In this form, however, the reinsurer normally provides cover against losses on a per risk basis and the excess point is fixed at a much lower level. It is essential that cover provided is used or 'worked', which is in direct contrast with (b) where the cover only operates due to unforeseen circumstances and then only rarely over for a period of many years. This form of excess of loss is designed to replace, or at least largely supplant proportional reinsurance. It is generally considered that this method of reinsurance greatly simplifies and reduces administration. There are, however, wide implications arising out of its use, not least being the suitability of the account for such a form of reinsurance.</div>
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<b>3. Excess loss ratio or stop loss</b></div>
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This form of non-proportional cover differs from the other basic forms in that it protects a ceding company's account against wide fluctuations due to losses over for a period of at least a year. There is, therefore, no specific cover against a loss event but rather an undue fluctuation due to bad results in any one year.</div>
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The cover operates by the reinsurer agreeing to pay all losses over an agreed percentage of the insured's retained account up to a certain limit also expressed as a percentage, e.g., the reinsurer agrees to pay the number of losses exceeding the ratio of 70% up to the ratio of 120% of the retained account. Thereafter, the ceding company is liable for any further loss amount unless he has arranged a further or second layer 'stop-loss' cover. It is a desirable principle with this form of cover that the reinsurer does not guarantee a profit to the ceding company in the year of account.</div>
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Chas. E. Hall, FCII, FCIArb., FIAA, FBIM. 1985. Property and pecuniary insurances. The CII Tuition Service.</div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-57880067344420635852020-06-04T02:44:00.000-07:002020-06-04T02:53:12.212-07:00Reasuransi Fakultatif (Facultative Reinsurance)<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reasuransi fakultatif (<i>facultative reinsurance</i>) adalah reasuransi yang dilakukan oleh perusahaan asuransi kepada perusahaan reasuransi dengan melalui penawaran terlebih dahulu.</div>
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Istilah facultative sendiri berarti “bebas” atau “tidak terikat” atau “sukarela” diantara pihak-pihak yang terlibat karena belum ada ikatan atau keharusan-keharusan tertentu. Dalam perjanjian ini, masing-masing pihak (<i>ceding company</i> dan reasuradur) sama-sama memiliki kebebasan dimana pihak <i>ceding company</i> bebas menentukan apakah akan atau tidak akan mereasuransikan risikonya kepada reasuradur, dan pihak reasuradur juga bebas menentukan apakah akan menerima atau menolak risiko tersebut.</div>
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Reasuransi fakultatif biasanya dipakai untuk mereasuransikan <i>excess</i> atau “kelebihan” dari suatu jumlah risiko tertentu secara kasus per kasus atau <i>case by case</i> sehingga reasuransi fakultatif ini sering disebut juga sebagai “Reasuransi secara individual” atau “Reasuransi secara khusus atau spesial.”</div>
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Risiko yang memerlukan penempatan reasuransi secara fakultatif perlu didukung dengan data-data yang lengkap mengenai risiko yang akan direasuransikan guna keperluan pihak reasuradur dalam mengambil keputusan apakah akan menerima atau menolak risiko tersebut. Jika diaksep maka akan diterima dengan kondisi dan premi yang bagaimana beserta besaran akseptasinya apakah seluruhnya ataukah hanya sebagian saja dari jumlah atau nilai risiko yang ditawarkan. Di sinilah letak aspek “kebebasan” yang melekat pada reasuransi fakultatif dimana kebebasan itu terletak baik pada perusahaan asuransi (<i>ceding company</i>) maupun perusahaan reasuransi (<i>reinsurer</i>).</div>
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<b>Kendala dalam Reasuransi Fakultatif</b></div>
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Beberapa kendala utama yang muncul dalam reasuransi fakultatif (<i><a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2020/05/advantages-disadvantages-facultative-reinsurance.html" target="_blank">facultative reinsurance</a></i>) adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Memerlukan pekerjaan administrasi tambahan baik di sisi <i>ceding company</i> maupun <i>reinsurer</i> mengingat data lengkap harus disediakan dengan menerapkan analisa dan pertimbangan yang rumit baik pada saat permulaan penutupan maupun pada saat perpanjangan.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Diperlukan waktu penempatan risiko yang lebih lama karena <i>ceding company</i> harus menghubungi terlebih dahulu <i>reinsurer</i> dengan memberikan data-data lengkap.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Untuk risiko-risiko penutupan yang besar yang melebihi daya tampung atau kapasitas perusahaan asuransi tidak dapat diberikan kepastian dengan segera kepada tertanggung karena harus menunggu seluruh <i>excess</i> risiko tersebut telah tertempatkan reasuransinya.</li>
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Walaupun metode reasuransi fakultatif memiliki sejumlah kendala namun masih dipakai sampai saat ini dengan berbagai alasan, diantaranya :<br />
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<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakultatif diperlukan untuk mereasuransikan risiko-risiko khusus yang dikecualikan dalam treaty.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakultatif diperlukan untuk mereasuransikan risiko-risiko khusus yang nilainya melebihi limit kapasitas treaty.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakulatif diperlukan guna membatasi liability <i>ceding company</i> dan <i>reinsurer</i> atas risiko-risiko yang tingkat bahayanya tinggi.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakultatif diperlukan guna mengurangi beban perusahaan asuransi (<i>ceding company</i>) dalam menghadapi akumulasi risiko yang terlalu tinggi dalam suatu wilayah tertentu.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakultatif dapat dipakai untuk mengadakan pertukaran bisnis dengan perusahaan asuransi lainnya secara resiprokal.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi fakultatif diperlukan guna mendapatkan pengalaman dan keahlian yang dapat diperoleh dari perusahaan reasuransi (<i>reinsurer</i>) dalam hal penutupan risiko-risiko khusus.</li>
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Dari transaksi reasuransi tersebut, <i>ceding company</i> akan membayarkan premi reasuransi kepada <i>reinsurer</i> sesuai dengan bagiannya dan sebaliknya, <i>reinsurer</i> akan memberikan imbalan kepada <i>ceding company</i> berupa komisi reasuransi (<i>reinsurance commision</i>) sesuai dengan kesepakatan.</div>
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Pelaksanaan penempatan reasuransi secara fakultatif dilakukan secara lisan (telpon atau pembicaraan langsung) atau tertulis (surat, <i>telex</i>, telegram, <i>facsimile</i>), yang pada akhirnya harus disediakan sebuah slip yang dikenal dengan sebutan <i>placing slip</i> atau <i>facultative reinsurance placing slip</i> atau <i>R/I slip </i>atau <i>R/A slip</i>. Slip dimaksud memuat data risiko yang direasuransikan mulai dari jenis pertanggungan, nilai pertanggungan, rate premi, komisi reasuransi, dan sebagainya.</div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-32790830344486457002020-06-03T00:29:00.003-07:002020-06-04T02:45:15.581-07:00Quota Share Treaty Reinsurance<div style="text-align: justify;">
A quota share is an agreement whereby the cedant cedes and the reinsurer accepts a fixed proportion of each and every risk within a defined category of business written by the cedant.</div>
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The proportion is established at the inception of the treaty. The reinsurer receives that proportion of original premiums and pays the same proportion of losses. Quota share treaties are normally expressed as percentage arrangements; for example, 50 percent quota share or 70 percent quota share. A <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/03/apa-itu-treaty-quota-share.html" target="_blank">quota share</a> treaty also specifies the maximum monetary amount that is to be shared. This might be expressed as: Quota share to accept 70 percent of every risk insured, not exceed 1,000,000 any one risk. Another possible restriction is that the percentage kept by the cedant must not be further reinsured but kept for his own account.</div>
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<b>Example of Table of Quota Share Treaty Reinsurance</b><br />
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70% Quota Share with a Maximum of USD 1,000,000 Any One Risk</div>
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Other things being equal,
a quota share treaty commands higher levels of ceding commission than
other forms of proportional arrangements, because the reinsurer gets
a predetermined share of all risks, including small ones, and there
is little possibility of anti-selection against the reinsurer.<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
<br /></div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
Quota share reinsurance
is particularly appropriate when:</div>
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">An insurer embarks on a
new line of business for which no statistics exist and the outcome is
uncertain, but the reinsurer has confidence in the underwriting of
the insurer. Thus, quota share facilitates the development of new
lines of business.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">In view of the
specialised nature of the business, e.g., Bond of Contractors' All
Risk insurance, the reinsurer wishes to directly influence the
underwriting through participation in all risks written by the
cedant.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">The class of business has
moderate sums insured per unit but aggregate exposure to catastrophes
is high.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">An insurer wishes to
reduce his net retained account for purposes of compliance with
solvency requirements.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Reinsurance on a surplus
basis is not available, or the size of the treaty is limited owing to
past adverse results.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">It is difficult to assess
the amount to be retained, e.g., in case of unlimited liability
insurance, and export guarantee insurance.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">An insurer wishes to
build capacity on the basis of a high gross retention. For example,
if an insurer does not propose to keep more than say, 100,000 on
risks underwritten for the net retained account, he can plan to have
a 'Gross Retention' of 200,000 with a 50 percent quota share.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">An insurer wishes to
transfer the entire portfolio to another insurer. 100 percent quota
share reinsurance is used as the instrument.</li>
</ul>
<br />
<div align="JUSTIFY" style="margin-bottom: 0in;">
The relationship of a
quota share treaty with other reinsurance arrangements of the insurer
needs to be noted. A 'Gross Account Quota Share' implies that the
entire portfolio is subject to sharing of risks on a fixed percentage
basis; a 'Net Account Quota Share' means that other reinsurance
arrangements would inure, or pay first, and the Quota Share applies
to the net retained account. A higher ceding commission can be
expected for Net Account than for Gross Account Quota Share.<br />
<br />
Source:<br />
Ashok Goenka. 2003. Practical Aspects Of Reinsurance. Singapore College of Insurance.</div>
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
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</style>Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-54209658809505248472020-05-19T11:08:00.001-07:002020-05-19T11:23:18.644-07:00Retensi (Retention) Ceding Company Berdasarkan Peraturan Perundangan di Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;">
Jika secara teknis, retensi (<i>retention</i>) <i>ceding company</i> ditetapkan berdasarkan suatu jumlah dimana risiko tersebut dinilai sebagai kelas risiko yang terbaik (<i>the best class of risk</i>) maka terdapat aturan main lainnya berdasarkan peraturan hukum yang berlaku di Indonesia.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Hierarki peraturan perundangan di Indonesia menempatkan Undang-Undang (UU) dan Perppu (Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang) sebagai sumber hukum tertinggi ketiga setelah UUD (Undang-Undang Dasar) dan Tap MPR (Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat).</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Maka untuk menggali tentang aturan main retensi perusahaan asuransi dari segi hukum setidaknya dapat dimulai dari level Undang-Undang yang dalam hal ini karena sudah lahir undang-undang khusus perasuransian, kita dapat mencarinya dari sana. Undang-undang yang dimaksud adalah UU No 40 Tahun 2014 tentang Perasuransian. Pada Bab VII Pasal 36 UU No 40 Tahun 2014 disebutkan, “<i>Perusahaan asuransi, perusahaan asuransi syariah, perusahaan reasuransi, dan perusahaan reasuransi syariah, wajib mengoptimalkan pemanfaatan kapasitas asuransi, asuransi syariah, reasuransi, dan/atau reasuransi syariah dalam negeri</i>.” </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam penjelasan Pasal 36 UU No 40 Tahun 2014 dijelaskan bahwa ketentuan itu dimaksudkan untuk mendorong perusahaan asuransi, perusahaan asuransi syariah, perusahaan reasuransi, dan perusahaan reasuransi syariah agar benar-benar menjalankan fungsinya sebagai penanggung dan/atau penanggung ulang. Sejauh ini, aturan undang-undang perasuransian hanya memberikan pernyataan secara normatif dan belum menyentuh aspek perhitungan secara angka.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Retensi Perusahaan Asuransi Berdasarkan POJK dan SEOJK </b> </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sesuai UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 tentang Pembentukan Peraturan Perundang-Undangan, hierarki hukum selanjutnya setelah Undang-Undang dan Perppu adalah PP (Peraturan Pemerintah) dan Perpres (Peraturan Presiden). Meskipun ketentuan dalam UU No. 12 Tahun 2011 tidak menyebutkan Peraturan Menteri namun keberadaan Peraturan Menteri atau yang selevel dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu peraturan hukum yang diakui keberadaannya sepanjang diperintahkan oleh peraturan perundang-undangan yang lebih tinggi dan dibentuk berdasarkan kewenangan. Terkait dengan asuransi maka berdasarkan Pasal 91 UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 disyaratkan bahwa peraturan pelaksanaan dari Undang-Undang ini harus ditetapkan paling lama 2 (dua) tahun 6 (enam) bulan terhitung sejak Undang-Undang ini diundangkan.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>POJK (Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) Nomor 14/POJK.05/2015</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sejak diterbitkannya UU No. 21 Tahun 2011 tentang Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, lembaga yang satu ini memperoleh mandat untuk menyelenggarakan sistem pengaturan dan pengawasan terhadap kegiatan sektor jasa keuangan baik perbankan maupun non perbankan termasuk asuransi. Dengan demikian pengawasan industri asuransi yang semula berada di bawah kewenangan Bapepam-LK, Kementerian Keuangan, beralih ke OJK. Maka lembaga inilah yang kemudian memperoleh kewenangan sesuai UU No. 40 Tahun 2014 guna membuat peraturan pelaksanaan dari undang-undang tersebut.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Salah satu peraturan yang telah diterbitkan oleh OJK adalah <a href="https://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/otoritas-jasa-keuangan/peraturan-ojk/Documents/Pages/POJK-Retensi-Sendiri-dan-Dukungan-Reasuransi-Dalam-Negeri/POJK%20Retensi%20Sendiri%20-%20FINAL.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">POJK No. 14/POJK.05/2015</a> tentang Retensi Sendiri dan Dukungan Reasuransi Dalam Negeri dimana dalam Pasal 2 dinyatakan bahwa perusahaan asuransi, perusahaan asuransi syariah, perusahaan reasuransi, dan perusahaan reasuransi syariah wajib memiliki dan menerapkan <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/09/penentuan-retensi-sendiri-own-retention.html" target="_blank">retensi sendiri</a> untuk setiap risiko yang dikelola sesuai dengan batas retensi sendiri. Sedangkan ketentuan lebih lanjut mengenai batas retensi sendiri itu diatur lebih lanjut dalam SE (Surat Edaran) OJK.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>SEOJK (Surat Edaran Otoritas Jasa Keuangan) Nomor 31/SEOJK.05/2015</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Tidak lama setelah dikeluarkannya POJK No. 14/POJK.05/2015, OJK mengeluarkan produk turunan dari POJK tersebut melalui penerbitan <a href="https://www.ojk.go.id/Files/201511/SEOJKRetensiSendiri_1447771264.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">SEOJK No. 31/SEOK.05/2015</a> tentang Batas Retensi Sendiri, Besar Dukungan Reasuransi, dan Laporan Program Reasuransi/Retrosesi.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam SE tersebut barulah OJK menetapkan sejumlah aturan teknis tentang retensi sendiri ceding company dimana setiap perusahaan asuransi wajib memiliki dan menerapkan retensi sendiri untuk setiap risiko yang dikelolanya. Karena terdapat 2 (dua) jenis pengelolaan bisnis asuransi yaitu konvensional dan syariah maka OJK pun menerapkan peraturan batas retensi sendiri yang berbeda diantara keduanya melalui penyajian tabel masing-masing sesuai yang tercantum dalam Lampiran I SEOJK No. 31/SEOJK.05/2015.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Batas retensi sendiri perusahaan asuransi (<i>ceding company</i>) sebagaimana diatur dalam Lampiran I SEOJK No. 31/SEOJK.05/2015 mencantumkan baik batas minimumnya maupun batas maksimumnya. Faktor besarnya modal sendiri perusahaan asuransi sangat berpengaruh di sini karena batas retensi sendiri tersebut akan dihitung dari prosentase tertentu terhadap modal sendiri. Masing-masing lini usaha asuransi memiliki prosentase pengali yang berbeda-beda, misal pada lini usaha harta benda, batas minimum retensi sendiri ditetapkan sebesar 1,5% x Modal Sendiri (MS) untuk besar modal sendiri di bawah Rp 500 miliard. </div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Berikut ini adalah contoh tabel batas retensi sendiri apabila suatu perusahaan asuransi (<i>ceding company</i>) memiliki modal sendiri sebesar Rp 300 miliard :<br />
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 497px;">
<colgroup><col width="24"></col>
<col width="129"></col>
<col width="59"></col>
<col width="116"></col>
<col width="127"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td rowspan="3" width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">No</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="3" width="129"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Lini </span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Usaha</span></div>
</td>
<td rowspan="2" width="59"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Faktor</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pengali </span>
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="251"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Retensi
Sendiri (Rp)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="116"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Batas Min.</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Batas Max.</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="59"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">(ii)=</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">(i)x300
miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">(iii)=</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">10%x300
miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Harta Benda</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,5%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4,5 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">2</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">KBM</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">150 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">3</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Pengangkutan</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,5%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4,5 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rangka Kapal</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">0.6%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,8 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">5</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rangka
Pesawat</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">0,375%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,125 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">6</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Satelit</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">0,075%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">225 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">7</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Energi
(Onshore)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,5%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4,5 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">8</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Energi
(Offshore)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">0,75%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">2,25 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">9</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Rekayasa</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">1,5%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">4,5 miliard</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">10</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Tanggung
Gugat</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">750 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">11</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Kematian</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">150 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">12</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Kecelakaan
Diri</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">150 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">13</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Kesehatan</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">150 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">14</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Kredit</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">750 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">15</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Suretyship</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">750 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="24"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">16</span></div>
</td>
<td width="129"><div align="JUSTIFY">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">Aneka</span></div>
</td>
<td width="59"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">-</span></div>
</td>
<td width="116"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">750 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="127"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: 11pt;">30 miliard</span></div>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-18466960276859191502020-05-18T16:37:00.001-07:002020-05-18T16:39:53.375-07:003 (Tiga) Komponen Utama dalam Program Reasuransi Surplus Treaty<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebagai salah satu bentuk reasuransi proporsional (selain <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/03/apa-itu-treaty-quota-share.html" target="_blank">quota share</a>), program reasuransi surplus treaty memiliki setidaknya 3 (tiga) komponen utama yang harus ditentukan dalam perjanjian reasuransi antara reasuradur dengan <i>ceding company</i>.</div>
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Ketiga parameter utama yang membentuk adanya program <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/02/mengenal-surplus-treaty-dalam-teori.html" target="_blank">reasuransi surplus treaty</a> adalah sebagai berikut :</div>
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<b>Retensi (Retention)</b></div>
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Retensi atau <i>retention</i> dapat diartikan sebagai suatu jumlah harga pertanggungan yang ditahan atau di-<i>retain</i> sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi atau <i>ceding company</i> atau <i>reinsured</i>. Swiss Re mendefinisikan <i>Retention</i> sebagai “<i>the amount of a risk which the insurer does not reinsure but keeps for own account</i>” atau “suatu nilai risiko dimana perusahaan asuransi tidak mereasuransikan namun ditahan sebagai akun yang dikelola sendiri.” Sedangkan CII (The Chartered Insurance Institute) mendefinisikan <i><a href="https://www.cii.co.uk/learning/knowledge-services/reference-resources/dictionaries/reinsurance-glossary/" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">Retention</a></i> sebagai “<i>The proportion of a risk retained by an insurer under a proportional treaty or a fixed monetary amount retained by a reinsured under an excess of loss contract</i>.” </div>
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Intinya sama saja bahwa retensi adalah jumlah tertentu dari risiko (yang direpresentasikan dalam harga pertanggungan) yang menjadi tanggung jawab perusahaan asuransi itu sendiri (dengan mempertimbangkan sejumlah hal) tanpa melibatkan peran reasuradur atau perusahaan asuransi. Karena terdapat kata “own” dalam rangkaian kata “own retention” maka terkadang retensi ini disebut juga sebagai OR (<i>Own Retention</i>) meskipun istilah yang lebih tepatnya sesuai <i>glossary</i> Swiss Re dan CII cukup disebut sebagai “retention” atau retensi. Dalam kaitannya dengan retensi sendiri kotor beberapa orang mungkin akan menyingkatnya sebagai OGR (<i>Own Gross Retention</i>) namun singkatan ini sebaiknya tidak perlu dipakai karena pengertiannya bisa menimbulkan <i>miss leading</i> dengan OGR sebagai singkatan dari <i>Original Gross Rate</i>.</div>
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<b>Line(s)</b></div>
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John Pyall dalam bukunya “Reinsurance" (1999), menyatakan bahwa “a line” sebagai “<i>the monetary amount of the insurance company's gross retention taken on an original risk.</i>” Definisi ini memiliki keterkaitan dengan definisi retensi (<i>retention</i>) <i>ceding company</i>. Namun pengertian yang lebih komprehensif dikemukan oleh Ashok Goenka dalam bukunya “Practical Aspects of Reinsurance” (2003) yang menyatakan bahwa “Line” adalah : “(1) <i>The amount of risk which the cedant retains for his own account in the case of a surplus treaty,</i> (2) <i>The share accepted by the reinsurer of an offer made to him.</i>” Di sini terminologi Line tidak hanya berlaku untuk suatu nilai risiko yang ditahan sendiri oleh <i>ceding company</i>, namun juga dapat diterjemahkan di sisi perusahaan reasuransi atau reasuradur sebagai suatu share atau porsi (risiko) yang diterima atau ditanggung reasuradur (yang ditawarkan kepadanya). </div>
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Kapasitas surplus treaty sendiri dapat digambarkan sebagai suatu kelipatan tertentu dari retensi <i>ceding company</i> yang disebut “lines” yang menghasilkan kapasitas surplus treaty : “<i>X Line of Y Maximum Retention</i>.” Sebagai contoh, “<i>10 Line of USD 5,000 Maximum Retention</i>” berarti bahwa 1 (satu) line memiliki maksimum retensi sebesar USD 5,000 + kapasitas surplus sebesar 10 x USD 5,000 = USD 50,000 sehingga total kapasitas akseptasi risiko dalam program reasuransi surplus treaty tersebut menjadi = USD 5,000 (retensi <i>ceding company</i>) + USD 50,000 (kapasitas surplus treaty) = USD 55,000. </div>
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<b>Sesi (Cession)</b></div>
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John Pyall juga memberikan definisi Sesi atau <i>Cession</i> sebagai “a<i>n amount of an original risk that is ceded to a proportional treaty</i>.” Sedangkan CII mendefinisikan <i>Cession</i> sebagai “<i>the amount of liability transferred to reinsurers under a proportional reinsurance treaty.</i>” Swiss Re dalam “An Introduction to reinsurance” (2002) mendefinisikan <i>Cession</i> sebagai “<i>Insurance that is reinsured: the act or process of passing on (cedes) risks to the reinsurer againts payment of a premium</i>.”</div>
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Dengan demikian sesi atau cession hanya muncul apabila perusahaan asuransi tidak ingin menahan sendiri seluruh risikonya sehingga ia harus “mensesikan” atau “menyerahkan” sebagian risikonya kepada reasuradur. Dari sinilah kemudian muncul istilah “cedent” atau “ceding company” yaitu perusahaan asuransi yang mentransfer sebagian risikonya kepada reasuradur di bawah reasuransi proporsional.</div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-70377280254301029432020-05-16T23:10:00.002-07:002020-05-16T23:10:51.579-07:00Sejarah Berdirinya Perusahaan Reasuransi di Dunia dan Indonesia<div style="text-align: justify;">
Sebelum melanjutkan pembahasan aspek teknik reasuransi, kali ini penulis akan menyampaikan artikel mengenai sejarah reasuransi baik dalam skala global (internasional) maupun Indonesia.</div>
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<b>Sejarah Reasuransi Internasional</b></div>
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Munculnya perusahaan reasuransi tidak akan terlepas dari sejarah keberadaan asuransi itu sendiri meskipun dalam perkembangan awal, reasuransi masih belum menjadi suatu kebutuhan karena penutupan risiko yang diaksep sepenuhnya ditahan sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi (tanpa melibatkan reasuransi).</div>
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Namun demikian, dalam perjalanan sejarahnya, transaksi reasuransi mulai diketemukan pada sekitar abad ke-14 pada jenis asuransi marine (pengangkutan) sebagai asuransi yang paling tua. Perkembangan selanjutnya menunjukkan adanya suatu legalisasi kebutuhan reasuransi yaitu dengan dikeluarkannya <i>Ordinances of Louis XIV</i> di Inggris pada tahun 1746 khususnya yang terkait dengan reasuransi marine. Ketentuan itu berlaku hingga tahun 1864 yang menyebutkan bahwa reasuransi marine baru dapat dilaksanakan apabila penanggung mengalami kebangkrutan (insolvensi).</div>
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Pada asuransi kebakaran pada tahap awalnya muncul reasuransi dengan metode fakultatif dimana dengan adanya kemajuan industri dan perdagangan pada awal abad ke-19, perusahaan asuransi memerlukan suatu proteksi atas cover yang ditutupnya. Dalam reasuransi kebakaran ini lebih banyak ditransaksikan di negara-negara Eropa dimana penandatanganan kontrak reasuransi pertama dilakukan secara treaty pada tanggal 15 Desember 1821 antara La Cie Royale d'Assurance of Paris dan Cie Des Proprietaries Reunis of Brussel. Kerjasama reasuransi ini juga dimaksudkan sebagai pertukaran bisnis secara timbal balik (<i>reciprocal exchange of business</i>).</div>
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Persaingan antar perusahaan asuransi saat itu mengakibatkan permintaan cover reasuransi mengalami peningkatan sehingga dibutuhkan adanya <i>specialized reinsurance companies</i>. Cologne Reinsurance (Cologne Re) merupakan <i>professional reinsurance</i> yang paling tua yang didirikan pada tahun 1846 di Jerman dan mulai beroperasi pada tahun 1852 dengan ditandatanganinya reasuransi treaty. Kemudian diikuti dengan berdirinya sejumlah <i>professional reinsurance</i> company lain seperti Swiss Reinsurance (Swiss) pada tahun 1863, Munich Reinsurance (Jerman) pada tahun 1880, dan Mercantile and General (Inggris) pada tahun 1907.</div>
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Pertumbuhan ekonomi yang didukung dengan perkembangan teknologi yang semakin pesat menyebabkan permintaan reinsurance terus meningkat dan mulai merambah ke negara-negara Asia seperti Saudi Arabia (Islamic Takaful and Retakaful), Korea (Korean Re), Irak (Iraq Re), Hongkong (Hongkong Re), Jepang (Toa Re), Malaysia (Malaysian Reinsurance Company Berhard), dan Singapura (Singapore Re).</div>
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Disamping melalui perusahaan-perusahaan reasuransi tersebut, akseptasi reasuransi juga dilaksanakan oleh perusahaan-perusahaan asuransi (<i>direct insurer</i>) dengan tujuan sebagai pertukaran bisnis atau guna memenuhi ketentuan yang diberlakukan di suatu negara.</div>
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<b>Sejarah Reasuransi Indonesia</b></div>
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Sejak mulai diperkenalkan di Indonesia, perusahaan reasuransi yang berdiri pada saat itu masih terbatas. Kalaupun ada kebutuhan cover reasuransi lebih banyak disalurkan kepada perusahaan yang memiliki afiliasi dengan perusahaan induknya di luar negeri.</div>
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Perusahaan reasuransi profesional yang pertama berdiri di Indonesia adalah PT Maskapai Reasuransi Indonesia (Marein) pada tahun 1953. Selanjutnya diikuti dengan dibentuknya perusahaan reasuransi milik negara pada tahun 1954 yaitu PT Reasuransi Umum Indonesia (RUI) diikuti berdirinya PT Reasuransi Nasional Indonesia (Nasre) yang pada awalnya merupakan suatu unit setingkat divisi di PT Asuransi Kredit Indonesia (Askrindo). PT Tugu Jasatama Reasuransi Indonesia (Tugure) didirikan pada tahun 1987. Khusus risiko gempa bumi lahir perusahaan reasuransi khusus bernama Reasuransi Maipark Indonesia pada tahun 2004. Terakhir pada tahun 2017 berdiri perusahaan reasuransi baru bernama Nusantara Reasuransi Makmur (Nusantara Re) yang merupakan bagian dari group Sinarmas Multiartha.</div>
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Keberadaan sejumlah perusahaan reasuransi lokal tersebut sangat penting guna menyerap kebutuhan reasuransi dalam negeri sehingga mengurangi larinya premi reasuransi ke luar negeri.</div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-26975347758626349302020-05-14T14:35:00.000-07:002020-05-16T06:39:09.466-07:00Diagram Visualisasi Spreading of Risk dan Claim Reasuransi Surplus Treaty<div style="text-align: justify;">
Guna mendapatkan pemahaman yang lebih baik terhadap bentuk reasuransi surplus treaty maka ada baiknya kita melihat dan membaca diagram visualisasi <i>spreading of risk</i> maupun <i>spreading of claim</i> dengan mengambil contoh data pada artikel sebelumnya.</div>
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Dalam artikel berjudul <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2020/05/spreading-of-risk-claim-reasuransi-surplus-treaty.html" target="_blank">Contoh Spreading of Risk dan Claim dalam Reasuransi Surplus Treaty</a> telah diberikan contoh tabel <i>spreading of risk </i>dan <i>claim</i> pada program reasuransi surplus treaty 2 (dua) lines dengan maksimum <i>retention</i> <i>ceding company</i> sebesar Rp 250 juta dan minimumnya sebesar Rp 50 juta. </div>
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<b>Diagram Spreading of Risk</b></div>
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Dengan mengambil contoh 5 (lima) nilai risiko yang berbeda maka diperoleh diagram <i>spreading of risk</i> (pembagian atau alokasi risiko) seperti yang terlihat pada gambar di bawah ini :<br />
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Penjelasan :</div>
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<li>Pada risiko 1 sampai 4, ceding company menetapkan angka Rp 250 juta sebagai nilai retensi (warna merah bata) sedangkan pada risiko 5, <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi (Rp 50 juta).</li>
<li>Khusus pada diagram batang risiko 4 (Rp 800 juta) terdapat <i>excess </i>risiko sebesar Rp 50 juta karena limit surplus treaty dibatasi hanya 2 lines (2 x Rp 250 juta) atau total kapasitasnya menjadi retensi <i>ceding company</i> + 2 lines surplus treaty = Rp 250 juta + Rp 500 juta = Rp 750 juta. </li>
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<b>Diagram Spreading of Claim</b></div>
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Selanjutnya, apabila terdapat klaim dengan nilai Rp 80 juta pada masing-masing sum insured akan diperoleh diagram <i>spreading of claim</i> (pembagian atau alokasi klaim) seperti yang ditunjukkan pada gambar di bawah ini :</div>
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Penjelasan :</div>
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<li>Atas nilai klaim yang sama (Rp 80 juta), untuk masing-masing risiko (dari Risiko 1 sampai 5) terdapat komposisi pembagian klaim yang bersifat proporsional (sesuai dengan proporsi atas pembagian atau alokasi <i>sum insured</i>-nya).</li>
<li>Khusus pada diagram batang risiko 4 terdapat <i>excess</i> klaim sebesar Rp 5 juta (6,25% x Rp 80 juta) yang tidak ter-<i>backup</i> pada program surplus treaty (angka 6,25% berasal dari 100% - 31,25% - 62,50%). Jika ada program reasuransi fakultatif maka dapat diklaim ke program ini atau jika tidak akan menjadi tambahan klaim yang menjadi retensi sendiri <i>ceding company</i>. </li>
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<b>Penutup</b></div>
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Program reasuransi surplus treaty merupakan bentuk reasuransi yang bersifat proporsional (pihak-pihak yang terlibat dalam program tersebut akan menerima risiko, premi, dan klaim secara proporsional sesuai dengan porsi atau bagiannya masing-masing). Hal ini bisa dilihat pada contoh diagram visualisasi yang tersaji di atas dimana dapat dibuktikan adanya aspek atau unsur proporsionalitas dalam program reasuransi surplus treaty.</div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-49733121977488788502020-05-13T17:18:00.003-07:002020-05-16T06:32:37.824-07:00Contoh Spreading of Risk dan Claim dalam Reasuransi Surplus Treaty<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam tulisan sebelumnya yang berjudul <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2020/05/how-surplus-treaty-reinsurance-works.html" target="_blank">How Surplus Treaty Reinsurance Works</a> sudah penulis contohkan komposisi pembagian tanggung jawab antara ceding company dan perusahaan reasuransi baik dalam aspek harga pertanggungan maupun saat terjadi klaim.</div>
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Penulis akan contohkan kembali bagaimana penyebaran atau pembagian harga pertanggungan (<i>spreading of risk</i>) maupun pembagian klaim (<i>spreading of claim</i>) dalam program reasuransi surplus treaty. Hal ini guna memudahkan pembaca dalam memahami bagaimana mekanisme reasuransi surplus treaty bekerja.</div>
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Melengkapi artikel terdahulu yang berjudul <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/02/mengenal-surplus-treaty-dalam-teori.html" target="_blank">Mengenal Surplus Treaty dalam Teori Asuransi</a>, dapat disampaikan bahwa surplus treaty adalah suatu bentuk perjanjian reasuransi dimana reasuradur atau perusahaan reasuransi menyatakan persetujuannya untuk menerima suatu kelebihan risiko asuransi di atas suatu jumlah yang menjadi retensi sendiri <i>ceding company</i> atau perusahaan asuransi. Karena diformulasikan dalam suatu perjanjian tertulis yang mengatur secara otomatis dalam jangka waktu yang biasanya berlaku secara tahunan maka program reasuransi ini disebut secara lengkap sebagai “reasuransi surplus treaty” yaitu gabungan dari “bentuk” reasuransi dan “metode” reasuransi. Bentuk reasuransinya adalah proporsional sedangkan metodenya adalah treaty karena ada bentuk lain dari reasuransi yang disebut non proporsional dan ada metode lain dari reasuransi yang disebut fakultatif.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam program reasuransi surplus treaty, r<i>etention</i> <i>ceding company</i> dinyatakan dalam “1 (satu) line” yaitu batas maksimum jumlah yang akan ditahan sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi dalam setiap risiko. Batas maksimum tersebut ditentukan oleh <i>ceding company</i> dengan memperhatikan jenis dan tingkat risiko yang bersangkutan. Sedangkan bagian atau porsi perusahaan reasuransi dalam surplus treaty juga dinyatakan dalam “lines” sebagai kelipatan dari “line” yang menjadi <i>retention ceding company</i>. Dengan demikian, perusahaan asuransi atau <i>ceding company</i> dapat membeli proteksi reasuransi surplus treaty dalam kelipatan tertentu misal “3 lines”, “4 lines” dan seterusnya. Misalnya <i>ceding company</i> telah membeli proteksi surplus treaty 3 lines dengan <i>retention</i> sebesar Rp 500.000.000,00 maka untuk harga pertanggungan sebesar Rp 2.500.000.000,00, bagian yang menjadi <i>retention ceding company</i> adalah sebesar Rp 500.000.000,00 sedangkan kelebihannya sebesar (Rp 2.500.000,00 – Rp 500.000.000,00) = Rp 2.000.000.000,00 akan disesikan ke surplus treaty. Mengingat jumlah lines yang dibeli hanya 3 lines atau 3 x Rp 500.000.000,00 = Rp 1.500.000.000,00 maka jumlah risiko yang sudah ter-<i>spread </i>dalam program surplus treaty tersebut adalah sebesar Rp 500.000.000,00 + Rp 1.500.000.000,00 = Rp 2.000.000.000,00. Berarti masih ada sisa risiko sebesar Rp 500.000.000,00 yang belum ada <i>backup</i> reasuransinya. Atas sisa risiko ini <i>ceding company</i> dapat memilih untuk menahan sendiri sebagai risiko yang ditanggung perusahaan atau ditempatkan kembali ke perusahaan reasuransi melalui mekanisme fakultatif.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i><br /></i></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<i>Ceding company</i> biasanya akan menetapkan r<i>etention</i> pada suatu jumlah maksimum dimana risiko tersebut dinilai sebagai kelas risiko yang paling baik (<i>the best class of risk</i>). Dalam hal tertentu dimana risikonya dinilai kurang baik maka <i>ceding company</i> dapat menurunkannya menjadi lebih kecil. Misalnya yang awalnya <i>retention</i> <i>ceding company</i> ditetapkan sebesar Rp 500.000.000,00 namun karena suatu risiko tertentu, ia harus menurunkannya menjadi Rp 400.000.000,00 maka dengan fasilitas reasuransi surplus treaty 3 lines, <i>ceding company</i> hanya akan dapat mensesikan ke reasuradur sebesar maksimum 3 x Rp 400.000.000,00 = Rp 1.200.000.000,00. Dalam keadaan tertentu, guna mencegah terjadinya kecenderungan <i>ceding company</i> menurunkan retensi untuk mensesikan sebesar-besarnya risiko-risiko yang jelek ke surplus, pihak reasuradur dapat memberlakukan suatu ketentuan yang menetapkan suatu jumlah retensi minimum <i>ceding company</i> disamping retensi maksimumnya.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Berikut ini adalah contoh <i>spreading of risk</i> dalam program reasuransi surplus treaty 2 lines dengan <i>retention</i> <i>ceding company</i> maksimum sebesar Rp 250.000.000,00 dan minimum Rp 50.000.000,00.</div>
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<colgroup><col width="21*"></col>
<col width="39*"></col>
<col width="27*"></col>
<col width="41*"></col>
<col width="41*"></col>
<col width="40*"></col>
<col width="48*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
Risiko</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
Original sum insured
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="26%"><div align="CENTER">
Retensi sendiri</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="31%"><div align="CENTER">
Sesi ke surplus</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="CENTER">
Excess</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
Rp</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="CENTER">
Rp
</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
%
</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
Rp
</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="CENTER">
Rp</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
(i)</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="CENTER">
(iii)</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
(iv)=(iii)/(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
(v)=(ii)-(iii)</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
(vi)=(v)/(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="CENTER">
(vii)=(ii)-(iii)-(v)
</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
1</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
100,00%</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nol</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
0,00%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nol</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="2" width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
2</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
500 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
50,00%</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
50,00%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nol</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="3" width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
3</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
750 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
33,33%</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
500 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
66,67%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nol</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="4" width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
4</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
800 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="RIGHT">
250 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
31,25%</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
500 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
62,50%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="RIGHT">
50 juta</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="5" width="8%"><div align="CENTER">
5</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
150 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="11%"><div align="RIGHT">
50 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
33,33%</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
100 juta</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
66,67%</div>
</td>
<td width="19%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nol</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
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<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
Penjelasan :</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Untuk Risiko 1 (Rp 250
juta), <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi pada batas maksimum (Rp 250 juta)
sehingga tidak ada sesi ke surplus.</li>
<li>Untuk Risiko 2 (Rp 500
juta), <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi pada batas maksimum (Rp 250 juta)
sehingga ada sesi ke surplus sebesar Rp 250 juta.</li>
<li>Untuk Risiko 3 (Rp 750
juta), <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi pada batas maksimum (Rp 250 juta)
sehingga ada sesi ke surplus sebesar Rp 500 juta (mencapai limit
surplus treaty 2 lines yaitu 2 x Rp 250 juta).</li>
<li>Untuk Risiko 4 (Rp 800
juta), <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi pada batas maksimum (Rp 250 juta)
sehingga ada sesi ke surplus sebesar Rp 500 juta (mencapai limit
surplus treaty 2 lines) dan ada excess atau kelebihan sebesar Rp 50
juta. Kelebihan ini dapat direasuransikan kembali secara fakultatif
atau dijadikan retensi sendiri <i>ceding company</i>.</li>
<li>Untuk Risiko 5 (Rp 150
juta), <i>ceding company</i> mengambil retensi pada batas minimum (Rp 50 juta)
sehingga ada sesi ke surplus sebesar Rp 100 juta.</li>
</ol>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Selanjutnya di bawah ini
adalah contoh </span><i style="text-align: justify;">spreading of claim</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> dalam program reasuransi surplus
treaty 2 lines dengan <i>r</i></span><i style="text-align: justify;">etention</i><span style="text-align: justify;"> </span><i style="text-align: justify;">ceding company</i><span style="text-align: justify;">
maksimum sebesar Rp 250.000.000,00 dan minimum Rp 50.000.000,00 jika
terjadi klaim sebesar Rp 80.000.000,00.</span></div>
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<br />
<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 511px;">
<colgroup><col width="51"></col>
<col width="58"></col>
<col width="61"></col>
<col width="57"></col>
<col width="79"></col>
<col width="74"></col>
<col width="73"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Klaim</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Original sum insured</span></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="126"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Klaim</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">retensi sendiri</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Sesi risiko </span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ke surplus </span>
</div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Klaim </span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">ke surplus</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Excess </span>
</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">klaim</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rp</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rp</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Rp</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(i)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(ii)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(iii)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(iv)=</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(iii)x(i)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(v)=</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">100%-(iii)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(vi)=(v)x(i)</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(vii)=</span></div>
<div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">(i)-(iv)-(vi)</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">250 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">100,00%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">0,00%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nol</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">500 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">50,00%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">40 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">50,00%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">40 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">750 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">33,33%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">26,7 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">66,67%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">53,3 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">800 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">31,25%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">25 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">62,50%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">50 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">5 juta</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="51"><div align="CENTER">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">80 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="58"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">150 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="61"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">33,33%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="57"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">26,7 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="79"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">66,67%</span></div>
</td>
<td width="74"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">53,3 juta</span></div>
</td>
<td width="73"><div align="RIGHT">
<span style="font-size: x-small;">Nol</span></div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<span style="text-align: justify;">Penjelasan :</span><br />
<div style="margin-bottom: 0in; text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ol>
<li>Untuk klaim Rp 80 juta
pada Risiko 1 (Rp 250 juta), <i>ceding company</i> akan membayar klaim
keseluruhan sebesar Rp 80 juta.</li>
<li>Untuk klaim Rp 80 juta
pada Risiko 2 (Rp 500 juta), <i>ceding company</i> akan membayar klaim
sebesar Rp 40 juta dan reasuradur sebesar Rp 40 juta.</li>
<li>Untuk klaim Rp 80 juta
pada Risiko 3 (Rp 750 juta), <i>ceding company</i> akan membayar klaim
sebesar Rp 26,7 juta dan reasuradur sebesar Rp 53, 3 juta.</li>
<li>Untuk klaim Rp 80 juta
pada Risiko 4 (Rp 800 juta), <i>ceding company</i> akan membayar klaim
sebesar Rp 25 juta dan reasuradur sebesar Rp 50 juta. Sisa atau
excess klaim sebesar Rp 5 juta akan ditanggung sendiri oleh <i>ceding
company</i> atau dibayarkan reasuradur jika ditempatkan risikonya secara
fakultatif.</li>
<li>Untuk klaim Rp 80 juta
pada Risiko 5 (Rp 150 juta), <i>ceding company</i> akan membayar klaim
sebesar Rp 26,7 juta dan reasuradur sebesar Rp 53,3 juta.</li>
</ol>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2f1Gu1Q_QFewIw9bFE6VqMnfurgmvCE0DCXs65-vLdBCSfkm-82Fj-PYl9PHzS8cXG9G_MzMoWK_4PWgoGIyOhaMdra4orn7tsvILJMAZFz8-XXDTNYTWG_xhAAFl-MYPzUlcaXhyphenhyphengg/s1600/Kalkulator.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="reasuransi surplus treaty" border="0" data-original-height="360" data-original-width="640" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi2f1Gu1Q_QFewIw9bFE6VqMnfurgmvCE0DCXs65-vLdBCSfkm-82Fj-PYl9PHzS8cXG9G_MzMoWK_4PWgoGIyOhaMdra4orn7tsvILJMAZFz8-XXDTNYTWG_xhAAFl-MYPzUlcaXhyphenhyphengg/s640/Kalkulator.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></div>
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</style>Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-76473203512535581832020-05-12T06:13:00.002-07:002020-05-12T06:16:30.535-07:00Purpose of Reinsurance<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reinsurance serves many purposes. Its main purpose is a means used by an insurance company or an underwriter to reduce the financial consequences resulting from the perils that it has accepted as an insurer.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An insurer acting as a buyer of risk cover is principally known as a “reinsured”, but it may also be called a “cedant” or a “ceding company.” With reinsurance: the losses are not reduced, but the reinsured benefits from the smoothing effect that the transfer of risk has on the material consequences of the loss.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Purpose of Reinsurance</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A. Spreads of Risk</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Insurance was developed to cover people for a risk that they could not avoid, to protect them from the financial consequences of that risk and to put them in the same position immediately before the loss.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Losses can arise in different ways. Those which an insurer would wish to avoid or minimise by the use of reinsurance may be of catastrophic proportions where the financial resources of an insurer without reinsurance would be stretched to breaking point. Reinsurance acts as a pillow to protect insurers against such possibility.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
We have established that insurance is a mechanism that allows the impact of loss to be spread. Reinsurance serves the same purpose but at a micro-level – it is how insurers can spread their losses by transfer of risk to reinsurers. Insurers may not want a centralisation of liability for one type of class of risk, business, geographical area or other classification. By affecting reinsurance as part of a risk management strategy, the potential impact of future loss is spread.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>B. Increase Capacity</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A capacity of insurance company is its ability to provide a limit of cover in the policy issued to its insured. The insurance company is providing a promise to pay when an insured meet claims , so it will aim to have a gross capacity, before the application of any reinsurance, which is big enough for it to write most of the business it found or is offered. Its net capacity is the amount it retains for itself after it has laid off part of its liability to a reinsurer. In addition to the capacity it can provide on a single risk, the insurance company also should consider the extent to which it takes on aggregations of liability from writing several risks which are all attached to the same potential loss.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Using reinsurance enables an insurance company to offer greater gross capacity than it considers prudent to retain for its net account by paying a reinsurer to take on the difference. In determining its capacity, the insurance company has to calculate how much of its capital is prepared to put at risk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
With various classes of business, reinsurance provides a method of increasing a ceding company's capacity to compete against other insurance companies in a market where an ability to accept large risks is vital, for example, aviation or space risks. The size of a ceding company attracts clients or brokers to place business with it if that insurance company can cover the entire risk.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An insurance company might be limited in its overall capacity to accept business by its regulator's determination of how much it can underwrite based on its available assets. Government regulation regarding the limitation of capacity applies to the overall amount of premium income written as well as underwriting limits.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The advent of government regulations regarding risk-based capital has assisted in growing the use of reinsurance. Risk-based capital is a common method developed by insurance body or regulators to set the minimum amount of capital that an insurance company needs to support its business operations. It is used to determine capital requirements based on the size and degree of risk taken by the insurer. By entrusting to reinsurance companies, the cedants reduce their capital requirements.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>C. Provides Security</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Another reason for purchasing reinsurance is that the insurance company wants to be free of some of the uncertainty of loss. This can be achieved by the purchase of reinsurance, although it is important of course that the reinsurer can fulfil its commitment to pay in the event of a loss occurring that is recoverable under the terms and conditions of the reinsurance contract between the reinsurer and insurer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>D. Increases Stability in Results</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The insurer can also avoid fluctuation in claims levels from year to year and within a year by the purchase of reinsurance. Again, the similarity can be drawn here between the motives that persuaded the insured to buy insurance in the first place.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>E. Increase Confidence</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reinsurance is not the only mechanism open to a ceding company that wants to protect its business position whilst seizing opportunities to expand its business into new products and markets, but at the same time accelerating its core business. Opportunities may be found to transfer risk into financial markets and investors can invest with confidence. This can create a 'virtuous circle' for insurers by boosting share price and attracting more investment. That said, insurers are generally prudent concerning the choice of risk transfer vehicles and may nevertheless maintain a certain amount of their risk management in traditional reinsurance carriers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In more recent times, with declining returns from financial markets, there has been a return to the more traditional forms of reinsurance, despite price increases. This is because, in a period of uncertainty, insurance companies looking for the comfort of known products with a guaranteed return; which is to say that the insurance company is guaranteed indemnity if its loss falls under the reinsurance protection.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>F. Portfolio and Asset Management</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An insurance company's portfolio is the entire range of risks that it underwriters and can include motor, bloodstock, household, commercial and professional indemnity among many other classes. Insurance underwriters are usually being judged by their gross underwriting results, aiming at gaining a gross profit without reinsurance being in place, and using reinsurance to protect the exposure of their account against any unfavorable fluctuation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There is also the question of whether an insurance company protects its all portfolio, or choose to consider individual classes of business. Whereas insurance underwriters within an insurance company usually purchase reinsurance for their separate classes of business, purchasing of reinsurance is now becoming more concentrated with the trend towards cross-class portfolio protection if available.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In many insurance companies, the responsibility for the purchase of reinsurance has moved away from the underwriter to account managers so that more emphasis is given to solvency margins holistically. Reinsurance is a financial tool to manage the insurance risks, so central control is often exercised at Board level to maximise the group financial strength in the most cost-effective way. Where risk can be retained safely within the group, account managers would see this as better use of the group resource compared to purchasing unnecessary reinsurance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>G. Taxation Advantages</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Insurance companies are taxed on their technical underwriting results: that is, their final position after taking into account:<br />
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>all the premium received;</li>
<li>losses and loss settlement costs;</li>
<li>administration costs; and</li>
<li>reinsurance premiums paid.</li>
</ul>
<span style="text-align: justify;"><br /></span>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Therefore, unlike taxable equity returns, reinsurance premiums are included within the underwriting result and such are tax-deductible. This is a consideration for ceding companies planning how to provide their company for any unusual losses that might arise from their portfolio.</span></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>H. Cash Flow Advantages</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Effectively, an insurer has to maintain a balance of readily realisable assets to pay its claims liabilities to policyholders as they become due for settlement and longer-term investments to maximise growth opportunities. It would, therefore, consider the reinsurance cost against the potential profit to be realised from the investments. It would also have to consider the type of reinsurance provided as to whether, and to what extent, it would have to spend its premium as reinsurance premium and when it could expect to receive claim payment from the reinsurer.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In the form of proportional treaty, it is common for payments between a ceding company and its reinsurer to be made by half-yearly or a quarterly technical account has been given, with the balance of account being settled by the debtor. Treaties of this type usually contain a provision for the reinsured to receive rapid reimbursement from the reinsurer when a substantial claim occurs, to avoid an adverse effect on the reinsured's long-term investments. In the form of non-proportional reinsurance, claims are payable by the reinsurance company upon submission of the claim by the ceding company.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>I. Corporate strategy</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The extent to which a company will risk its assets will have been decided, but priorities have to be established as to the amount of risk it is prepared to entertain and in which sectors of its portfolio. New companies may discover themselves risking more than they would choose, and would probably look for comfort from the arrangement of reinsurance. A new company may be caught between the need, besides that, to attract potential customers and find its place in the insurance markets at large to establish its business, and on the other hand, by the practical limitations on the extent of reinsurance which can be regulated. This extent depends upon operating margins, or profit, which will be low in the early days. It is also subject to other limitations because of the need to comply with the demands of the supervisory authorities.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Similarly, an existing insurance company may wish to develop a new product, for example, a motor insurer might want to expand into household business, or a non-insurance financial service company might want to offer insurance products. As a case in point, several retail firms have branched out into selling financial service in the UK, either directly or in partnership with an existing insurance company. To realise it without affecting their global results they may look for reinsurance protection.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Some large multinational insurance companies create their internal reinsurance vehicles for subsidiary units to ensure that these units are not too adversely affected by large catastrophe losses in their market. These internal arrangements maintain part of the potential reinsurance premium within the company.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Michael Spice BA, FCII, Cert PFS. 2009. Reinsurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-90674178625385827242020-05-11T05:28:00.000-07:002020-05-11T05:29:24.118-07:00How Surplus Treaty Reinsurance Works<div style="text-align: justify;">
The capacity of a surplus treaty is always a multiple of the ceding company's retention. Further multiples of the retention or lines can be added beyond the 'first' surplus treaty, becoming the 'second' surplus treaty.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The mechanics of ceding a risk under a surplus treaty do not differ from those of an individual facultative proportional cession. There are, however, substantial differences in the creation of any surplus treaty.<br />
<br />
Let us assume a four-line surplus treaty, giving the insurer an automatic underwriting capacity of USD 5,000,000 (USD 1,000,000 own gross retention plus USD 4,000,000, comprising four surplus lines each of USD 1,000,000).<br />
<br />
The insurer has accepted five risks, all of the first-class construction. If the insurer decided to retain its maximum gross retention then the risks would be apportioned to the surplus treaty as follows:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<style type="text/css">
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="19*"></col>
<col width="42*"></col>
<col width="40*"></col>
<col width="54*"></col>
<col width="44*"></col>
<col width="57*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
Risk</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
Original sum insured
</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="37%"><div align="CENTER">
Company retains</div>
<div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="39%"><div align="CENTER">
Cedes to surplus</div>
<div align="CENTER">
(iv)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
in USD
</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
in USD
</div>
</td>
<td width="21%"><div align="CENTER">
in %
</div>
</td>
<td width="17%"><div align="CENTER">
in USD
</div>
</td>
<td width="22%"><div align="CENTER">
in %</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
(i)</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="16%"><div align="CENTER">
(iii)</div>
</td>
<td width="21%"><div align="CENTER">
(iv) = (iii)/(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="17%"><div align="CENTER">
(v) = (ii)-(iii)</div>
</td>
<td width="22%"><div align="CENTER">
(vi) = (v)/(ii)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1" width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
1</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="1" width="21%"><div align="RIGHT">
100.00%</div>
</td>
<td width="17%"><div align="RIGHT">
Nil</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0" width="22%"><div align="RIGHT">
0.00%</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="2" width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
2</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="2500000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
2500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.4" width="21%"><div align="RIGHT">
40.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1500000" width="17%"><div align="RIGHT">
1500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.6" width="22%"><div align="RIGHT">
60.00%</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="3" width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
3</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="3200000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
3200000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.3125" width="21%"><div align="RIGHT">
31.25%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="2200000" width="17%"><div align="RIGHT">
2200000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.6875" width="22%"><div align="RIGHT">
68.75%</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="4" width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
4</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="4000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
4000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.25" width="21%"><div align="RIGHT">
25.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="3000000" width="17%"><div align="RIGHT">
3000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.75" width="22%"><div align="RIGHT">
75.00%</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="5" width="7%"><div align="CENTER">
5</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="5000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
5000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="16%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.2" width="21%"><div align="RIGHT">
20.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="4000000" width="17%"><div align="RIGHT">
4000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.8" width="22%"><div align="RIGHT">
80.00%</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
It is important to note that a cession does not have to be a direct multiple of the gross retention, nor does the insurance company have to retain its stated maximum on a particular risk. If this were to be the case, the surplus capacity would be commensurately reduced. Once a cession has been made, it remains at that percentage. Only rarely would reinsurers allow revised retention and cession to be made.<br />
<br />
If a claim of USD 500,000.00 occurred, then the insurer and reinsurers would share the loss proportionate to the risk they undertook:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
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<table border="1" bordercolor="#000000" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" style="width: 100%px;">
<colgroup><col width="23*"></col>
<col width="38*"></col>
<col width="52*"></col>
<col width="47*"></col>
<col width="45*"></col>
<col width="51*"></col>
</colgroup><tbody>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
Claim</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
Original sum insured</div>
</td>
<td colspan="2" width="38%"><div align="CENTER">
Company retains</div>
</td>
<td width="18%"><div align="CENTER">
Cedes to surplus
</div>
</td>
<td width="20%"><div align="CENTER">
Claim to surplus</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td width="20%"><div align="CENTER">
in %</div>
</td>
<td width="18%"><div align="CENTER">
in USD
</div>
</td>
<td width="18%"><div align="CENTER">
in %</div>
</td>
<td width="20%"><div align="CENTER">
in USD</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
(i)</div>
</td>
<td width="15%"><div align="CENTER">
(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="20%"><div align="CENTER">
(iii) = </div>
<div align="CENTER">
1000000/(ii)</div>
</td>
<td width="18%"><div align="CENTER">
(iv) = </div>
<div align="CENTER">
(iii)x(i)</div>
</td>
<td width="18%"><div align="CENTER">
(v) = </div>
<div align="CENTER">
100%-(iii)</div>
</td>
<td width="20%"><div align="CENTER">
(vi) = </div>
<div align="CENTER">
(v)x(i)</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="1000000" width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
1000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="1" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
100.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
0.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="0" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
0</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="2500000" width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
2500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.4" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
40.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="200000" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
200000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.6" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
60.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="300000" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
300000</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="3200000" width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
3200000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.3125" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
31.25%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="156250" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
156250</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.6875" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
68.75%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="343750" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
343750</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="4000000" width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
4000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.25" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
25.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="125000" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
125000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.75" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
75.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="375000" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
375000</div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr valign="TOP">
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="500000" width="9%"><div align="CENTER">
500000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="5000000" width="15%"><div align="RIGHT">
5000000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.2" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
20.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="100000" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
100000</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;0;0.00%" sdval="0.8" width="18%"><div align="RIGHT">
80.00%</div>
</td>
<td sdnum="14345;" sdval="400000" width="20%"><div align="RIGHT">
400000</div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Two important words need explanation:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A 'cession' is that amount of an original risk that is ceded to a proportional treaty. The word applies to all forms of proportional reinsurance, whether facultative or treaty.<br />
<br />
A 'line' describes the monetary amount of the insurance company's gross retention taken on an original risk. Surplus treaties are normally a specified multiple of that gross retention, resulting in surplus capacity being described as 'x lines of y maximum gross retention.' There are also cases where surplus capacity is constructed on the insurer's net retention or gross retention after quota share cession, but we shall concentrate here on surplus capacity geared to gross retention.<br />
<br />
One the terms and conditions of a surplus treaty have been finalised, then the insurer is obliged to cede all risks greater than its chosen retention and falling within the scope of the treaty agreement and the reinsurer is obliged to accept all such cessions.<br />
<br />
Both contracting parties, the insurer and reinsurer, therefore have identified obligations under the treaty and they are automatically bound in advance to transact business in the manner specified, with no freedom of choice available to either party.<br />
<br />
Whereas an individual facultative cession has to be specifically agreed between the parties, a cession to a proportional treaty is of immediate effect.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
John Pyall. 1999. Reinsurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-35417730695353162752020-05-07T12:25:00.003-07:002020-06-04T02:53:50.763-07:00The Advantages and Disadvantages of Facultative Reinsurance<div style="text-align: justify;">
Facultative reinsurance is the oldest form of proportional reinsurance and was the forerunner of surplus treaty reinsurance as we know it today.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The very essence of proportional reinsurance is “sharing.” This means that in return for accepting an identified proportion of risk, the reinsurer accepts a proportionate share of the premium, pays a proportionate share of the insurer's acquisition costs (in the form of “commission”), and if a claim occurs on that risk, pays a proportionate share of that claim, irrespective of the original claim amount.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Facultative proportional reinsurance could be used:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">where the insurer requires capacity beyond its so-called “automatic” facilities;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">to reinsure risks where no treaty protection is available;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">to reinsure risks where the company does not wish to cede to its treaties;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">to reinsure hazardous or complicated risks, including so-called “target” (or “market”) risks;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">for unique commercial, financial or strategic reasons.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Since the placement of facultative reinsurance is a direct function of original insurance policies, it follows that any reinsurance underwriter should be aware of original policy terms, conditions, rating and markets involved, together with any changes or developments.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>The Advantages and Disadvantages of Facultative Reinsurance</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In brief, certain advantages of facultative reinsurance are:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">risks are considered individually;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">it increases the insurer's competitive edge within its chosen market;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the freedom to offer any risk (insurer) which may be accepted or declined (reinsurer);</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">a general account (or proportional treaty) might be protected by the use of facultative reinsurance;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the insurer might benefit from specific knowledge on the part of the facultative reinsurer;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">there is an opportunity for both parties to develop a successful and professional relationship.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Certain disadvantages are:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the insurer cannot rely on successful placement of a risk;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">the administration involved is complicated and expensive;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">detailed risk and loss information have to be disclosed;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">'error factor' exists in hasty facultative placements;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">there is low commission reimbursement to the insurer – if the insurer arranges surveys, reinsurers might be obtaining business at improved or advantageous terms;</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">cover cannot be confirmed until reinsurance placement is effected or completed.</li>
</ul>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Facultative proportional reinsurance is a complicated process. Not only is the initial placement complicated, but any subsequent amendment to the sum insured, period, retention and/or facultative cession itself would require additional technical and accounting documentation. The natural development of individual facultative cessions was to combine these into an automatic facility called treaty reinsurance.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
John Pyall. 1999. Reinsurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-40298051208724794502020-03-30T08:59:00.001-07:002020-03-30T09:05:10.332-07:00Reinsurance Strategy in The Market<div style="text-align: justify;">
The reinsurance market is a wholesale market for insurance and as in all markets is made up of buyers and sellers.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
An insurance risk written by a direct company could be “sold” to a reinsurer who would then provide reinsurance cover on that risk. Alternatively, it could be seen that the reinsurer sold cover to the direct insurer. If this is the case then the reinsurer is the seller and the direct office is the buyer or cedant. The sellers or reinsurers are reinsurance companies, Lloyd's underwriting syndicates and direct insurance companies. The buyers or cedants are direct insurers, underwriting agencies, Llyod's syndicates and other reinsurers. Reinsurance is arranged either directly between the reinsurer and cedant or through an intermediary – the reinsurance broker.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The market exists to allow risks which are too large for a single insurer to be shared by a number of others, or as a means of further spreading the risk. As a wholesale market, it is usually only open to participants from the insurance industry. It is a highly developed and professional market and has developed its own way of doing business. As a result, involvement with the reinsurance market requires technical expertise and understanding. The services of a specialist such as a reinsurance broker are therefore normally required.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Dealing with the reinsurance market requires specialist assistance for both technical expertise and market knowledge. Expertise is required for the preparation and presentation of the risk to the market and the subsequent negotiations with it. Knowledge of the market and in particular the solvency and security of reinsurers is vital as the financial viability of the captive rests on the solvency of its reinsurers. Finally, the services of a reputable and established reinsurance broker enhance the position of the insured in its presentation to and subsequent dealings with the market.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A number of points of general significance have to be borne in mind when dealing with the reinsurance market:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>avoid dependence upon a single reinsurer. This spreads risk in the market;</li>
<li>deal with awkward/special/unusual risks on a facultative rather than a treaty basis;</li>
<li>ensure the solvency of reinsurers especially for long-tail exposures;</li>
<li>recognise the importance placed by the reinsurance market upon loss control and its effect on loss experience;</li>
<li>ensure an accurate valuation of EMLs since these form the bases for the excess of loss and stop-loss cover;</li>
<li>regularly update covers, limits and sums insured;</li>
<li>ensure the punctual remittance of premiums from the parent in order to protect the captive's cash flow.</li>
</ul>
<br />
Source:<br />
Professor Gordon CA Dickson M. Litt., Ph.D., FCII, FIRM. 1991. Risk Management. The Chartered Insurance Institute.<br />
<br />
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNXv0BCdzveZ1o_idNJ5buSZQbqRY3NIdsFEGLLbBfL19RGCIjF-E7gOs84e-Te8nebhTgI0TE7ikORE6LrP8Fe0UFjsCZFKrW24466651vjZ4TuSXaX5yNQujZwLJ6MCqkb3ecjXSyA/s1600/signature-2003808_640.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" data-original-height="426" data-original-width="640" height="424" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiNXv0BCdzveZ1o_idNJ5buSZQbqRY3NIdsFEGLLbBfL19RGCIjF-E7gOs84e-Te8nebhTgI0TE7ikORE6LrP8Fe0UFjsCZFKrW24466651vjZ4TuSXaX5yNQujZwLJ6MCqkb3ecjXSyA/s640/signature-2003808_640.jpg" width="640" /></a>Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-61582158258412531482020-03-17T10:31:00.001-07:002020-03-17T10:35:23.371-07:00Life Insurance Claim on Reinsurance Treaties<div style="text-align: justify;">
Insurance companies can cede a portion of their life insurances risks to reinsurance companies. And like a ceding company, a reinsurer carefully manages its claim liability.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
When a ceding company approves a life insurance claim, the company pays the full amount of the policy proceeds to the beneficiary and then requests reimbursement from the reinsurer for the amount of the risk that was reinsured. Because reinsurers have a keen interest in which claims are approved and the amounts payable, a reinsurer's claim staff typically maintains close contact with claim analysts of the ceding companies whose risks they assume.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Many reinsurance treaties require that the ceding company notify the reinsurance promptly when the ceding company receives a claim. Timely notification is beneficial to both the ceding company and the reinsurer for the following reasons:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The prompt notification gives the reinsurer ample time to verify its liability and resolve any administrative questions. Reinsurers' claim staff are experienced in the medical, legal, and investigative aspects of claim handling and can greatly assist the ceding company's claim analysts in deciding the validity of claims.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The reinsurer may be alerted to situations involving multiple claims submitted for the same insured to different ceding companies. The reinsurer can advise its ceding company clients of this fact, which is particularly important when some or all of the claims are contestable, the claim involves large face amounts, or fraud is suspected.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The reinsurer is not a party to the underlying insurance contract and therefore has no authority to approve or deny a claim. The final decision about a claim rests solely with the ceding company. Although the reinsurer can make a claim decision recommendation to the ceding company on a claim, the ceding company is not obligated to follow the reinsurer's recommendation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
However, depending on the terms of the reinsurance treaty, the ceding company may be required to obtain confirmation of a claim approval from the reinsurer before notifying the beneficiary of the approved and paying benefits. Many reinsurance treaties also require the ceding company to obtain the reinsurer's approval of any potential claim denial and to notify the reinsurer of any potential lawsuit or claim settlement.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reference:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Miriam A Orsina, FLMI, PCS, ARA, PAHM & Gene Stone, FLMI, ACS, CLU. 2005. Insurance Company Operations. Life Office Management Association, Inc.<br />
<br />
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</div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-18015073932419054482020-03-07T04:01:00.002-08:002020-03-07T06:58:34.775-08:00Coronavirus Outbreak and How Occupational Disease Claim can Affect Reinsurance Business<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Occupational disease claims have become increasingly important over recent years, accounting for approximately 50% of the total number of employers’ liability claims made each year between 1991 and 1995.</div>
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Occupational deafness claims account for the largest proportion of disease claims, approximately 80% in 1995. Lung diseases account for 6% and miscellaneous claims (cancer, skin diseases, stress, etc.) for 13%. Despite a reduction in overall numbers of claims, the average Employers’ Liability claims cost has risen, by 25% between 1991 and 1994, with a 34% increase in average occupational disease claims.</div>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
There have been considerable losses to the insurance industry (then also can affect to the reinsurance business) as a result of an occupational disease which typically results in a large number of claims from affected employees where the award to each employee tends to be modest. For much of the period between 1982 and 1993 claims paid and outstanding exceeded premium income, leading some companies to withdraw from writing Employers’ Liability or only offer it as part of a package of commercial insurances. Between 1981 and 1992 the value of claims paid and outstanding practically quadrupled from GBP 164 million to GBP 640 million.</div>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Employers’ liability business is written on a “losses occurring” basis and a loss would be defined as occurring during the period in which an employee was exposed to a particular disease-causing agent, such as asbestos. As this disease can take many years to develop, insurers can find themselves paying out under policies issued decades earlier. This produces a significant IBNR (Incurred But Not Reported) element to this account. The long-tail nature of the account makes it very unpredictable and insurers have to try to predict levels of claims in the future, taking into account inflation as well as possible future changes in legislation, if retrospective, or in case law, which may affect insurers’ liability. Advances in medical techniques make doctors more able to identify work-related injuries and disease, which can lead to higher numbers of claims being made.</div>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Examples of industrial disease are asbestosis and mesothelioma (caused by inhalation of asbestos fibres), silicosis (caused by silica inhalation in mines and quarries), byssinosis (a respiratory disease caused by inhalation of cotton in the spinning industry), tenosynovitis (repetitive strain injury caused by use of machinery or keyboards) and industrial deafness. In today’s environment illness through stress can also be considered an occupational disease, liability for which could fall on the employer.</div>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Coronavirus Outbreak and Common Employers’ Liability Exclusions under Treaty Reinsurance</b></div>
</div>
<div class="p2">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
To check whether the coronavirus outbreak will impact reinsurance business, we should check and review the terms and conditions applied in treaty reinsurance contract between reinsured and reinsurer. Although may vary in each reinsurance treaty contracts, the following are the main exclusions :</div>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
</div>
<ul>
<li>where there is an accumulation of employees and all of them would likely be injured or killed in the event of a disaster, e.g. aircraft and ships’ crews;</li>
<li>accumulations (often unknown) of employees exposed to danger, e.g. offshore;</li>
<li>dangerous work involving a large number of employees in confined spaces and with the threat of occupational disease in addition, e.g. mines;</li>
<li>handling of dangerous substances by employees which could either expose them to a disaster, such as an explosion, or occupational disease, e.g. explosives, chemicals, asbestos;</li>
<li>areas with high potential for catastrophic bodily injury, e.g. subaqueous work.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="p1">
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Therefore, if a coronavirus (COVID-19) outbreak falls into the above categories, the claim will relatively have no effect on the reinsurance business.<br />
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Reference:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
John Pyall. 1999. Reinsurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute.</div>
</div>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-80711388461430036292020-03-01T02:18:00.003-08:002020-03-01T02:21:18.724-08:00Methods of Reinsurance<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
There
are 2 (two) <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/02/metode-dan-bentuk-reasuransi.html" target="_blank">methods of reinsurance</a>: facultative (arranged per case); and treaty
(arranged in advance with reinsurers to be available automatically to the
ceding office).<br />
<a name='more'></a><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Facultative reinsurance</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Facultative
reinsurance is the oldest form of reinsurance. Its essential feature is that
each party to the transaction has a free choice in arranging the matter; the
ceding company may offer the risk to any reinsurer on its panel of reinsurers
that it may choose, while the reinsurer is quite free in his choice as to
whether or not he will accept the risk offered. It follows that each risk to be
reinsured has to be dealt with separately and each facultative reinsurance
forms a complete reinsurance contract in itself.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
This
method of reinsurance is used where:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<ul>
<li>Treaty
capacity has been filled;</li>
<li>The
risk is outside the terms of the treaty; and/or</li>
<li>The
risk is of an unusual kind.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br />
Facultative
reinsurance is relatively expensive to purchase because of the costs of administration
and the fact that the risks offered for facultative cover are likely to be
heavier by way of extra hazards and/or will be of higher value. In comparison,
the main advantage of treaty business is that the ceding office can give
immediate cover to the public, knowing that it has reinsurance cover from the
moment it makes a decision regarding the amount of its retention. Immediate
decisions cannot be given, however, where the ceding office has to seek
facultative cover. Therefore, we will now consider treaty reinsurance.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Treaty
reinsurance</b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Treaty
reinsurance is an agreement by which one or more reinsurers will automatically
accept all reinsurance which falls within predetermined limits.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Most
treaties are “blind.” This means that the reinsurers are bound to accept risks
without prior knowledge. The reinsurer provides a list of premiums and claims
at regular intervals (the length of interval will depend upon the relationship
between the insurer and reinsurer).<br />
<br />
Reinsurers
allow a commission which is sufficient to pay the insurer’s expenses (including
any agent’s commission), and there is usually provision for sharing in any
profits the treaty makes.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Because
of the automatic nature of the treaty method, it is common for reinsurers to do
much business only where they are fully satisfied as to the standing and
underwriting record of the direct insurer involved. A safeguard in many
treaties is the reinsurer’s right to inspect the direct insurer’s records of
any claim of risk.<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Source:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Peter
Wildman, FCII. 1998. Commercial Property and Pecuniary Insurances – Assessment
and Underwriting. The Chartered Insurance Institute.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-55644404368909980332020-02-26T01:00:00.000-08:002020-03-30T08:14:49.906-07:00Reinsurance Forms for Personal Insurance<div style="text-align: justify;">
Various types of reinsurance may be used by personal insurers or insurance companies depending on the type of cover involved.<br />
<a name='more'></a></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
In all cases, the need for reinsurance will be determined by the retention level of the insurer concerned. The retention level is the limit which the insurer retains for his account.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Forms of Reinsurance</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Proportional</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Under proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer accepts a fixed share of the risks accepted by the direct insurer. There are 2 (two) bases:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/03/apa-itu-treaty-quota-share.html" target="_blank">Quota share</a> – where a fixed share of all the risks are reinsured.</li>
<li><a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/02/mengenal-surplus-treaty-dalam-teori.html" target="_blank">Surplus</a> – where only amounts above the direct insurer’s retention are reinsured.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><br /></b>
<b>Non-proportional</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Under non-proportional reinsurance, the reinsurer accepts losses in excess of an agreed amount, subject to an upper limit. The bases used are:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
<ul>
<li><a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2018/10/apa-itu-reasuransi-excess-of-loss.html" target="_blank">Excess of loss</a> – which could be on an individual risk basis or on an occurrence basis where the aggregate loss from any one occurrence is reinsured.</li>
<li>Stop loss – where the direct insurer’s aggregate net losses for a year are reinsired. If they exceed a certain amount and/or a proportion of premium income.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reinsurance may be placed on a facultative basis or by a treaty method. With facultative reinsurance, risks are reinsured on an individual basis. Treaty refers to the agreement to reinsure all of the risks falling within the terms of the treaty.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Household</b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
A household insurer will need to take account of exposure to losses arising:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li>On any one risk;</li>
<li>On any one event;</li>
<li>In aggregate in any one year.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reinsurance should only be necessary where the insurer’s normal retention is exceeded, and in this case, a surplus treaty may be arranged.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Property risks do present a different problem. They are not usually independent. Fire may spread, explosion may damage several properties and natural perils such as storm, flood and earthquake can cause widespread damage. The major storms in 1987 and 1991 hightlighted the need for catastrophe reinsurance. This is normally arranged by an excess of loss treaty on an occurrence basis. The insurer may also require protection against aggregate loss exposure during the year, for which stop loss reinsurance would be appropriate.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Theft and Personal Possessions</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Surplus reinsurance may be employed if retentions are exceeded. There is little risk of accumulation.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Personal Accident</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Proportional reinsurance, usually surplus, can be arranged for sums insured above the insurer’s retention or for known accumulations (such as several people travelling on one aircraft). Excess of loss cover would be required for unknown accumulations.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Liability</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
The difficulty with liability covers, for example under a household policy, is that an insurer’s liability is not limited by a fixed sum insured, but by a substantial limit of indemnity for any one claim. As this is long-tail business (claims can take many years to resolve), payments may be made some considerable time after the occurrence giving rise to the claim. As a result, excess of loss reinsurance is most frequently used for liability covers.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Livestock</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Reinsurance may be needed on livestock covers for:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<ul>
<li>Large losses for valuable animals;</li>
<li>Accumulations for one insured, due to insured animals being housed or transported together;</li>
<li>Accumulation for several insureds, in the event of an epidemic.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
For individual cases, a quota share treaty may be appropriate or facultative reinsurance may be arranged. For catastrophe situations, an excess of loss cover is suitable.</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Source:</div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
Lee Barnett, FCII. 1999. Personal Insurance. The Chartered Insurance Institute.<br />
<br />
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-50575308105356258912020-02-25T08:24:00.003-08:002020-02-26T10:41:32.182-08:00Definition of Reinsurance and Its Role in Macro and Micro Level<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt;">As the prefix
“re” indicates, reinsurance is “<i>insuring again by an insurer of risks assumed</i>.”
There are several definitions. Some have their origin in legal judgements.
Reinsurance has also been defined in insurance legislation of certain countries
and by several authors. </span><br />
<a name='more'></a><span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The essence is basically the same although language
varies to emphasise different aspects. We have selected 2 (two) definitions.
The first is brief and to the point, whereas the second, although simple, is a
more formal definition.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The first
paragraph of article 779 of German Commercial Law states: “<i>Reinsurance is the
insurance of the risks assumed by the insurer</i>”. Another definition: “<i>The
transaction whereby the reinsurer, for a consideration, agrees to indemnify the
Company against all of part of the loss the Company may sustain under the
policy or policies it has issued</i>.”</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Role
of Reinsurance</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The role of
reinsurance in relation to primary insurers is essentially similar to that of
insurance bought by clients, i.e, transfer to a professional risk carrier
exposures, which they cannot bear or are averse to retain.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reinsurance
is a risk management device enabling an insurer to evaluate and transfer
exposures to risks that cannot be successfully managed within one’s own
resources. It is helpful to consider the role of reinsurance at 2 (two) levels
– the micro of company level, and the macro or industry level – although, in
fact, each affects the other.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Macro Level</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
policyholder’s security is enhanced, and the long-term stability of the
insurance sector is influenced.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt;">In
particular, the sharing of exposures by many risk carriers enables the
insurance sector to address the insurance needs of mega-size risks. Many risks,
such as satellites, transport of large quantities of oil by very large vessels,
etc., are beyond the capacity of a single insurer. Reinsurance makes it
feasible to meet their insurance requirements.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Development
of new products entails a variety of risks, and it is often difficult for
insurers to venture into unchartered areas. Reinsurance helps to bring to the
market new products.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">As
reinsurance necessitates the involvement of many, insurance knowledge and
expertise is shared and enhanced.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Indeed,
reinsurance is an inseparable part of the modern insurance system. Without the
support of reinsurance, the insurance business would not have flourished and
gained the importance it now commands in the financial services sector.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">The
Micro Level</span></strong><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reinsurance
enables an insurer to accept primary risks much higher than his own financial
resources would permit. Risk bearing requires the backing of capital, but the
capital base of an insurer is limited. Reinsurance is a mechanism by which
insurers can, in a manner of speaking, access the capital and reserves of other
risk carriers, i.e., the reinsurers. When a reinsurer takes over parts of
risks, he commits his own capital to these risks.</span><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt;">A
catastrophe may upset the assumption on which insurance is based, namely that
losses generally follow a predictable pattern. By limiting the impact of
catastrophes, reinsurance helps in the preservation of solvency of the insurer.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Reinsurance
helps to stabilise the net operational result by reducing the potential
variability (or fluctuation) of actual result from the expected value. Thus,
reinsurance provides stability in operation and protects the shareholders’
value of the insurance company.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Reinsurance
can, in certain circumstances, provide a specific economic advantage in the
form of the commission received from the reinsurer. Certain forms of
reinsurance provide for recovery of a proportionate share of acquisition costs
incurred on the business reinsured from the reinsurer. A contribution to
management expenses is also received. If the business is profitable, the
reinsurer may also pay back a part of the profit earned by him. In fact, the
insurer is in a position to increase the value of his net account as compared
to the gross account.</span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><br /></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span style="color: #0e101a; font-family: inherit; font-size: 12.0pt;">Reinsurance
also serves as a financial regulatory purpose. To protect the insuring public,
insurance regulations require the maintenance of a certain level of the excess
of the admitted value of assets over liabilities, termed the solvency margin.
This is usually in terms of premium retained after reinsurance. Since
reinsurance reduces the retained premium, compliance with regulatory
requirements is facilitated.</span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Source: </span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;">Ashok Goenka. 2003. Practical Aspects of Reinsurance. Singapore College of
Insurance.</span></span><br />
<span style="font-family: inherit;"><span style="color: #0e101a; font-size: 12pt;"><br /></span></span></div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-87804596862505079072018-10-23T04:36:00.002-07:002020-06-10T10:20:02.447-07:00Apa itu Reasuransi Excess of Loss ?<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Reasuransi
Excess of Loss (</span><i style="text-align: justify;">XOL Reinsurance</i><span style="text-align: justify;">) adalah perjanjian reasuransi dimana objek yang
diasuransikan adalah “losses” yaitu “kerugian-kerugian” yang bakal diderita
perusahaan asuransi yang melebihi nilai kerugian tertentu.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Dengan
demikian, sampai suatu limit jumlah kerugian tertentu, nilai kerugian tersebut akan
dipikul atau ditanggung sendiri oleh perusahaan asuransi, sedangkan
kelebihannya, yaitu <i>excess of loss</i>-nya akan menjadi tanggungan perusahaan
reasuransi (<i>reinsurer</i>) sampai suatu batas atau limit nilai tertentu yang
disepakati. Bagian dari kerugian yang harus dipikul sendiri oleh perusahaan
asuransi disebut sebagai “Net Retention” (ada yang juga menyebutnya sebagai
“Underlying Retention" atau U/R), sedangkan <i>excess</i>-nya disebut sebagai “Excess of
Loss Reinsurer’s Share”.<br />
<br />
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
Premi
akan dihitung secara non proporsional antara perusahaan asuransi dan perusahaan
reasuransi dimana reinsurer mungkin akan membayar <i>profit commission</i> atas loss histori klaim yang baik dari perusahaan asuransi.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<b>Fungsi
Reasuransi Excess of Loss<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Jenis
Reasuransi <a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2020/06/excess-of-loss-reinsurance.html" target="_blank">Excess of Loss</a> antara lain berfungsi untuk :</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
</div>
<ol>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Menyediakan
perusahaan asuransi dengan kemampuan untuk menyediakan limit pengcoveran yang
lebih besar.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Menekan
atau mencegah fluktuasi pengalaman kerugian dengan membatasi nilai sejumlah
kerugian yang harus ditanggung sendiri.</li>
<li style="text-align: justify;">Mengurangi
dampak kerugian dari peristiwa tunggal yang besar dengan kerugian yang berulang
atau akumulasi kerugian dari klaim-klaim yang sering terjadi.</li>
</ol>
<ul>
</ul>
<span style="text-align: justify;">Contoh
ilustrasi program Reasuransi Excess of Loss dengan limit Rp 1.850.000.000,00
excess of Rp 150.000.000,00 dapat dilihat pada bagan di bawah ini :</span><br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnbiKJgBY2-3UlnMQwXuEv9LF3HkW1MtGkxBXsQwxafTv2bi545NMymzrcrJIn27UoYLeYOSi6nPUlGGSS1fKvHOIMwtM6vwfIMPUro00ofg80hz1zXIwcBH2Ngh1jyzkODHuIHkuAg/s1600/Contoh+XOL+1st+Layer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="244" data-original-width="565" height="171" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjBnbiKJgBY2-3UlnMQwXuEv9LF3HkW1MtGkxBXsQwxafTv2bi545NMymzrcrJIn27UoYLeYOSi6nPUlGGSS1fKvHOIMwtM6vwfIMPUro00ofg80hz1zXIwcBH2Ngh1jyzkODHuIHkuAg/s400/Contoh+XOL+1st+Layer.jpg" width="400" /></a></div>
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Dalam
kasus tertentu, program Reasuransi Excess of Loss diatur dalam lapisan-lapisan
(layer) sehingga dalam case di atas dapat ditambahkan 2nd Layer menjadi seperti pada contoh di bawah ini.</div>
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<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
</div>
</div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-51964053884674412722018-09-17T20:32:00.003-07:002020-03-07T09:05:16.251-08:00Penentuan Retensi Sendiri (Own Retention) Perusahaan Asuransi di Indonesia<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;">Dalam program reasuransi yang
dimiliki oleh perusahaan asuransi yang beroperasi di Indonesia akan didapati
limit tertentu yang disebut “retensi sendiri” atau <i>own retention</i> yang wajib
diberlakukan untuk setiap risiko yang dikelola perusahaan asuransi.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;"></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;">Penetapan batas retensi sendiri
dibuat berdasarkan profil risiko dan kerugian (<i>risk and loss profile</i>)
untuk masing-masing perusahaan asuransi yang harus dibuat secara tertib,
teratur, relevan dan akurat. Hal ini sesuai amanat POJK (Peraturan Otoritas
Jasa Keuangan) No 14/POJK.05/2015 tentang Retensi Sendiri dan Dukungan
Reasuransi Dalam Negeri.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;">Batas minimum maupun maksimum
retensi sendiri per lini usaha sangat bergantung pada jumlah modal sendiri yang
dimiliki perusahaan asuransi. Sebagai contoh, sebuah perusahaan asuransi yang
memiliki modal sendiri sebesar Rp 200.000.000.000,00 maka batas minimum retensi
sendiri untuk lini usaha asuransi harta benda perusahaan tersebut adalah sebesar
1,5% dari modal sendiri atau 1,5% x Rp 200.000.000.000,00 = Rp 3.000.000.000,00.
Disamping batas minimum, OJK juga mengatur batas maksimum retensi sendiri untuk
setiap lini usaha asuransi yaitu sebesar 10% dari modal sendiri. Dalam contoh
di atas, batas maksimum retensi sendirinya adalah sebesar 10% x Rp
200.000.000.000,00 = Rp 20.000.000.000,00. Dengan demikian, untuk perusahaan
asuransi bermodal sendiri sebesar Rp 200 milyard maka nilai retensi sendiri
lini usaha asuransi harta benda dapat ditetapkan mulai dari minimum Rp 3
milyard sampai maksimum Rp 20 milyard. Semakin besar nilai retensi sendiri yang
ditetapkan perusahaan asuransi menunjukkan semakin besar pula nilai modal
sendiri yang dimiliki perusahaan tersebut.</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;">Meskipun batas nilai minimum dan
maksimum retensi sendiri secara umum ditentukan berdasarkan prosentase tertentu
terhadap modal sendiri namun untuk sejumlah lini usaha asuransi tertentu, nilai
batas minimum retensi sendiri ditetapkan secara <i>flat</i>. Misal untuk lini
usaha asuransi tanggung gugat, batas minimum retensi sendiri ditetapkan sebesar
Rp 750 juta, asuransi kredit Rp 750 juta, asuransi kecelakaan diri Rp 150 juta,
asuransi kesehatan Rp 150 juta, dan seterusnya. Sedangkan untuk semua lini
usaha asuransi, batas maksimum retensi sendiri ditetapkan sama yaitu 10% dari
modal sendiri.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHUiHki7q9YkgF8DrVijVFz99PA_BV_dTt3dsKbeEzWU6cADgCjddhJNStnR5WXpDatCAfeO2F4WW7w4Chj0tGOKenYMlUiIARAPp3v5WHL7n2F6st4hT-dhDOMXe1cguCsLEZpm6xBw/s1600/Takaful+Umum.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="reasuransi" border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiHUiHki7q9YkgF8DrVijVFz99PA_BV_dTt3dsKbeEzWU6cADgCjddhJNStnR5WXpDatCAfeO2F4WW7w4Chj0tGOKenYMlUiIARAPp3v5WHL7n2F6st4hT-dhDOMXe1cguCsLEZpm6xBw/s640/Takaful+Umum.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></div>
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<span lang="IT-CH" style="mso-ansi-language: IT-CH;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"><br /></span></span></div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-63860599716175575222018-03-17T07:33:00.004-07:002020-03-07T09:06:11.160-08:00Ketentuan Dukungan Reasuransi Dalam Negeri bagi Perusahaan Asuransi Nasional<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="text-align: justify;">Dalam
rangka menumbuhkan bisnis perasuransian di </span><st1:country-region style="text-align: justify;"><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region><span style="text-align: justify;">
serta guna mendorong optimalisasi kapasitas asuransi baik konvensional maupun
syariah, termasuk perusahaan reasuransi konvensional dan syariah, maka
pemerintah memandang perlu adanya penyesuaian terhadap ketentuan tentang
retensi sendiri dan dukungan reasuransi.</span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Otoritas
Jasa Keuangan (OJK) telah mengeluarkan POJK (Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan)
No.14/POJK.05/2015 tentang Retensi Sendiri dan Dukungan Reasuransi Dalam Negeri
dimana perusahaan asuransi konvensional maupun syariah wajib mengembangkan
strategi dukungan reasuransi agar memiliki kapasitas yang memadai guna memenuhi
kewajiban saat terjadi klaim.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Untuk
risiko-risiko sederhana, misal asuransi kebakaran rumah tinggal, asuransi
kecelakaan diri, asuransi uang, dan sebagainya, perusahaan asuransi
konvensional maupun syariah wajib mendapatkan dukungan reasuransi 100% dari
reasuradur dalam negeri atau nasional. Ketentuan ini hanya dapat dikesampingkan
bagi perusahaan asuransi konvensional dan syariah yang memiliki produk asuransi
yang bersifat global (<i>worldwide</i>), atau produk asuransi yang dibuat secara
khusus untuk perusahaan multinasional. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Ketentuan
inti dari POJK ini ada dalam Pasal 12 yang menyebutkan bahwa untuk dukungan
reasuransi otomatis, perusahaan asuransi umum wajib mendapatkan dukungan
reasuransi otomatis dari paling sedikit 2 (dua) perusahaan reasuransi dalam
negeri. Jika tidak dapat diperoleh minimal 2 (dua) maka dapat dicari paling
sedikit 1 (satu) perusahaan reasuransi dalam negeri dan 1 (satu) perusahaan
asuransi umum dalam negeri. Jika opsi di atas pun tidak dapat diperoleh maka
dukungan reasuransi otomatis dapat diusahakan dari perusahaan reasuransi luar
negeri.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Khusus
untuk perusahaan asuransi syariah, wajib memperoleh dukungan reasuransi
otomatis dari sedikitnya 2 (dua) perusahaan reasuransi syariah dalam negeri.
Jika tidak dapat, dukungan tersebut dapat diperoleh dari sedikitnya 1 (satu)
perusahaan reasuransi syariah dalam negeri dan 1 (satu) perusahaan asuransi
umum syariah dalam negeri. Namun apabila tidak diperoleh juga maka dukungan
reasuransi otomatis dapat dicari dari perusahaan reasuransi syariah luar
negeri.<br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.ojk.go.id/id/regulasi/otoritas-jasa-keuangan/peraturan-ojk/Documents/Pages/POJK-Retensi-Sendiri-dan-Dukungan-Reasuransi-Dalam-Negeri/POJK%20Retensi%20Sendiri%20-%20FINAL.pdf" rel="nofollow" target="_blank">POJK No.14/POJK.05/2015</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjan-fqcJRls4a8VpFxsVSDCqk9MWdnXn5WUsRFBEMX-Ibg6DWs6GSdcdTDzXV8Etl6rLJ2hSO2Y1AMGE0fzuKfWxoQ0TcwNVG_njlatTAWTaGuHAx2JpFWTQ0lN3aslHALkouRP7ZuKQ/s1600/asuransi+ACA.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="Reasuransi" border="0" data-original-height="394" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjan-fqcJRls4a8VpFxsVSDCqk9MWdnXn5WUsRFBEMX-Ibg6DWs6GSdcdTDzXV8Etl6rLJ2hSO2Y1AMGE0fzuKfWxoQ0TcwNVG_njlatTAWTaGuHAx2JpFWTQ0lN3aslHALkouRP7ZuKQ/s1600/asuransi+ACA.JPG" title="" /></a></div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-29733522376539429042018-03-10T20:35:00.001-08:002018-03-10T20:35:10.250-08:00Apa Itu Treaty Quota Share ?<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Setelah
mengetahui beberapa <a href="http://www.reasuransi.com/2018/02/metode-dan-bentuk-reasuransi.html">metode
dan bentuk reasuransi</a>, kita dapat mulai melangkah lebih maju dengan
mempelajari apa itu “Treaty Quota Share” dimana dalam istilah ini terdapat 2
(dua) gabungan sekaliguas yaitu metode reasuransi “treaty” dengan bentuk “quota
share”.</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Pengertian
dari Treaty Quota Share adalah sebuah perjanjian reasuransi “proporsional”
dimana pihak ceding company atau cedant atau reinsured secara otomatis
membagikan sesinya kepada reinsurer atau reasuradur atau perusahaan reasuransi
dalam suatu prosentase yang tetap dan mengikuti syarat dan kondisi (<i>terms
and conditions</i>) yang ditetapkan bersama.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Sebagai
contoh, suatu perusahaan asuransi di <st1:country-region><st1:place>Indonesia</st1:place></st1:country-region>
telah mencapai kesepakatan dengan sebuah perusahaan reasuransi lokal untuk
mengcover risiko polis-polis asuransi kebakaran yang dituangkan dalam
perjanjian Fire Quota Share Treaty 2018. Pada perjanjian tersebut, disepakati
bahwa untuk setiap risiko dengan nilai pertanggungan maksimum sebesar Rp 10
milyard (limit quota share 100%), pihak ceding company dan reinsurer akan
membagi risiko dengan perbandingan 60% : 40%. Maka dalam perjanjian Treaty
Quota Share akan dicantumkan “Limit Quota Share 100% Rp 10 milyard” dimana “60%
of Quota Share of Rp 10 milyard” adalah Own Retention (OR) ceding company.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Jika
pada tanggal 5 Maret 2018 ceding company menerbitkan polis asuransi rumah
tinggal senilai Rp 5 milyard maka risiko tersebut akan dibagi ke perusahaan
asuransi sebesar 60% x Rp 5 milyard = Rp 3 milyard (menjadi OR ceding company)
sedangkan 40% x Rp 5 milyard = Rp 2 milyard menjadi tanggungan reinsurer.
Pembagian secara proporsional juga akan dilakukan untuk premi yang diterima
dari tertanggung : 60% x premi total menjadi pendapatan perusahaan asuransi dan
40% x premi total menjadi pendapatan perusahaan reasuransi. Apabila terjadi
klaim pun demikian, akan dibagi tanggung jawabnya secara proporsional antara
perusahaan asuransi dan reinsurer. Misal jika rumah tinggal tertanggung
mengalami kebakaran dengan nilai klaim sebesar Rp 1 milyard maka perusahaan
asuransi akan menanggung sebesar 60% x Rp 1 milyard = Rp 600 juta sedangkan
perusahaan reasuransi akan menanggung 40% x Rp 1 milyard = Rp 400 juta.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">
Program
reasuransi Treaty Quota Share dapat dikatakan sebagai bentuk dan metode
reasuransi yang paling sederhana dan mudah dihitung secara administratif
sehingga tidak terlalu merepotkan dari segi pelaporan. Secara risiko, proteksi
ini pun dapat memberikan kenyamanan bagi perusahaan asuransi karena
risiko-risiko buruk pun dapat disesikan secara otomatis ke dalam Treaty Quota
Share. Namun dari sisi pengembangan bisnis, apabila result yang diperoleh dari
penutupan bisnis asuransi mengarah ke hasil yang baik (tidak banyak terjadi
klaim) maka menjadi kurang menguntungkan bagi perusahaan asuransi karena premi
yang diterima harus dibagi secara proporsional ke pihak reasuradur dalam
prosentase yang telah ditetapkan. </div>
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1vHQNsCPjyQbO7CHriZCSAmoCriQ38-eksItsDo895ld0LSRpgvVhOUhcb6u1De0lwWoFT-PTLs97m4rXrvobux_cP7FKzcl0kpwgzg1iO8TvQM_LSZfcH6h1iHXX8RVyoXHJWS-mQ/s1600/Bagan+Treaty+Quota+Share.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="quota share" border="0" data-original-height="299" data-original-width="659" height="180" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiQ1vHQNsCPjyQbO7CHriZCSAmoCriQ38-eksItsDo895ld0LSRpgvVhOUhcb6u1De0lwWoFT-PTLs97m4rXrvobux_cP7FKzcl0kpwgzg1iO8TvQM_LSZfcH6h1iHXX8RVyoXHJWS-mQ/s400/Bagan+Treaty+Quota+Share.jpg" title="" width="400" /></a></div>
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<br />Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-17243895259684170202018-02-22T04:11:00.000-08:002020-06-04T02:50:45.336-07:00Metode dan Bentuk Reasuransi<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Dalam dunia reasuransi terdapat
beberapa jenis atau tipe kontrak reasuransi seperti yang sudah sering kita dengar seperti istilah "treaty", "fakultatif",
"proporsional", "non proporsional", "quota
share", "surplus", "excess of loss", "stop
loss", dan lain-lain. Untuk menyederhanakan berbagai jenis pembagian
reasuransi tersebut, kita dapat mengawalinya dengan menggunakan 2 (dua) topik utama dalam dunia reasuransi yaitu "metode reasuransi" dan
"bentuk reasuransi".</div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A. Metode Reasuransi</b><br />
<b><br /></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Metode reasuransi adalah sebuah cara atau
langkah yang diambil dalam mewujudkan sebuah kontrak reasuransi antara
reinsured dan reinsurer. "Cara" yang dimaksud di sini adalah terkait dengan bagaimana kedua belah pihak menuangkan perjanjian dalam sebuah dokumen tertulis yang mengikat. Dalam konteks reasuransi adalah bagaimana suatu sesi
(<i>cession</i>) akan direasuransikan, apakah dengan "cara" otomatis atau tidak. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>A.1 Metode Reasuransi "Treaty"<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br />
Jika dilakukan secara otomatis
maka perjanjian reasuransi disebut dengan istilah "treaty" dimana pihak
reinsured atau ceding company atau cedant yaitu perusahaan asuransi akan secara
otomatis mereasuransikan suatu sesi (<i>cession</i>) kepada reinsurer atau reasuradur
atau perusahaan reasuransi untuk risiko-risiko yang disepakati dan memenuhi persyaratan perjanjian diantara kedua belah pihak. Biasanya perjanjian reasuransi secara treaty ini berlaku
untuk periode 12 (dua belas) bulan.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>A.2 Metode Reasuransi "Facultative"<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Berbeda dengan Treaty, metode
reasuransi secara fakultatif (<i><a href="https://www.reasuransi.com/2020/06/reasuransi-fakultatif-facultative-reinsurance.html" target="_blank">facultative reinsurance</a></i>) merupakan perjanjian yang tidak
mengikat atau tidak berlaku otomatis dimana reinsured atau cedant bebas
menentukan apakah akan merasuransikan sebuah sesi kepada reinsurer atau tidak, dan pihak reinsurer juga berhak untuk menentukan apakah akan menerima atau
menolak sesi tersebut.</div>
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<br /></div>
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Sebagai ilustrasi untuk
memudahkan kita dalam mengingat 2 (dua) metode reasuransi di atas, kita dapat
menganalogikan seorang suami yang mendapatkan gaji dari hasil keringatnya
bekerja. Ia bisa memilih "metode" untuk memberikan penghasilannya
kepada istrinya, apakah akan dilakukan secara "otomatis", begitu ia
mendapat gaji dari perusahaan, ia akan segera mentransfer gajinya itu kepada
istrinya. Namun mungkin saja ada "metode" yang ditempuh oleh para
suami yang lain dimana penghasilannya tidak secara "otomatis" akan
diberikan kepada istrinya.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>B. Bentuk Reasuransi <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Sedangkan dari sisi
"bentuk"nya, reasuransi dapat dibedakan ke dalam 2 (dua) jenis yaitu
reasuransi dengan bentuk "proporsional" dan reasuransi dengan bentuk
"non proporsional". Cara menebaknya lebih mudah dilakukan dimana kata
"proporsional" dapat diartikan sebagai "sesuatu yang ditempatkan
sesuai porsinya". Sedangkan "non proporsional" berlaku
sebaliknya.</div>
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<b>B.1 Bentuk Reasuransi "Proporsional"<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Perjanjian reasuransi dikatakan
menganut bentuk "proporsional" jika reinsured atau cedant mensesikan
suatu proporsi atau bagian dari risiko dimana apabila reinsurer menerima porsi
risiko katakanlah sebesar 20% dari total harga pertanggungan maka ia akan juga menerima
proporsi yang sama untuk nilai pembayaran premi dan klaim. </div>
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<br /></div>
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Contoh sederhana seperti pada
hubungan relasi suami istri di atas. Misalnya disepakai bahwa suami akan
memberikan 60% dari gajinya kepada istrinya maka apabila apabila mereka ingin
membeli mobil untuk kepentingan bersama, sang istri harus berkontribusi sebesar
60% dari nilai pembelian mobil dan 40%nya ditanggung sang suami.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<b>B.2 Bentuk Reasuransi "Non Proporsional"<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<br />
Kebalikan dengan bentuk
"proporsional", dalam reasuransi "non proporsional" reinsurer atau reasuradur hanya akan terlibat dalam liability klaim apabila
nilai kerugiannya melebihi suatu limit tertentu yang ditentukan oleh reinsured
atau cedant. Dengan demikian, reinsurer atau reasuradur tidak selalu terlibat
dalam semua nilai klaim yang terjadi (berbeda dengan reasuransi proporsional).
Dari sisi premi, meskipun reasuradur telah menerima premi namun tidak selalu
ikut bertanggung jawab dalam klaim. </div>
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<br />
Jika dicontohkan kembali pada
hubungan suami istri, sang suami akan memberikan sejumlah uang dari
penghasilannya bekerja kepada istrinya, namun suatu saat butuh beli mobil maka sang istri hanya akan berkontribusi apabila nilai pembelian mobilnya melebihi
suatu jumlah tertentu yang sudah disepakati bersama. Kelihatan di sini bahwa tidak terjadi "keproporsionalan" antara pendapatan yang diterima istri dan pengeluaran yang harus istri keluarkan apabila dibutuhkan
anggaran biaya tertentu.<br />
<br /></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis9hUNZZ0HauI-Z_VaNKuiaUCQHK5U9vgIKMoTq6xJ2l7NDw3NQqoLHh_XIXlxUmWxVrzwzNnPRvYhFt4sXBj8yBwL4Bf350RSNxvx5QoUfpCajhUhw5sC8rfPsLCFhmkqsbFqDGv8ow/s1600/a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="reasuransi" border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" height="360" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEis9hUNZZ0HauI-Z_VaNKuiaUCQHK5U9vgIKMoTq6xJ2l7NDw3NQqoLHh_XIXlxUmWxVrzwzNnPRvYhFt4sXBj8yBwL4Bf350RSNxvx5QoUfpCajhUhw5sC8rfPsLCFhmkqsbFqDGv8ow/s640/a.jpg" title="" width="640" /></a></div>
Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-66372271577941400.post-7921035442826245072018-02-16T18:58:00.001-08:002020-03-07T09:06:42.139-08:00Mengenal Surplus Treaty dalam Teori Reasuransi<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Surplus treaty terdiri dari 2 (dua) kombinasi kata yaitu surplus dan treaty dimana surplus dapat diartikan sebagai suatu perjanjian antara ceding company dan reinsurer dimana ceding setuju untuk memberi dan reinsurer setuju untuk menerima suatu jumlah risiko yang melebihi retensi ceding sampai maksimum limit treaty yang ditentukan. Karena sifatnya yang otomatis dan disusun dalam sebuah dokumen tertulis maka perjanjian ini masuk dalam kategori perjanjian treaty reinsurance. </span></div>
<a name='more'></a><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">Di bawah tipe “surplus share” dalam perjanjian
treaty, proporsi risiko akan dibagi secara pro rata kepada reinsurer berdasakan
ukuran (size) dan jenis (type) dari risiko. Ceding company (reinsured)
mempunyai hak untuk memutuskan berapa jumlah yang ia inginkan dalam menahan
setiap risiko. Retensi (jumlah yang ditahan) inilah yang disebut sebagai “1 line”.
Setiap risiko yang masih berada dalam retensi atau line ini akan ditanggung sepenuhnya
oleh perusahaan asuransi itu sendiri. Suatu saat, ketika perusahaan asuransi mensesikan
risiko yang melebihi retensinya maka jumlah kelebihan retensi ini dimasukkan
dalam surplus share sebagai kelipatan dari jumlah retensinya.</span></div>
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<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
<div style="text-align: justify;">
<b><span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Contoh
Perhitungan :<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span lang="PT-BR" style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Diasumsikan
minimum retensi atau 1 line adalah USD 50,000.00. </span><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Maka limit treaty kemudian
diekspresikan sebagai kelipatan dari 1 line tersebut. Surplus treaty 9 line
artinya 9 x USD 50,000.00 atau USD 450,000.00 sehingga total kapasitas
perusahaan asuransi tersebut sebesar USD 500,000.00.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span>
<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Setiap
risiko dengan nilai USD 50,000.00 atau kurang akan ditahan dan tidak disesikan
ke treaty. Sedangkan untuk risiko-risiko lebih besar dari USD 50,000.00,
perusahaan asuransi akan menentukan berapa banyak line yang akan ditahan di
atas USD 50,000.00 tersebut dan berapa line yang akan disesikan sampai sejumlah
USD 450,000.00.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;"><br /></span></b></div>
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<b><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Risiko A<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Risiko ber-hazard rendah dengan limit USD 350,000.00.
Perusahaan asuransi mungkin akan menahan sebanyak 5 (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">lima</st1:place></st1:city>) line atau setara dengan USD 250,000.00
dan 2 line sisanya atau USD 100,000.00 disesikan ke treaty. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G6X49UiNp5wxRQJc0GHpvtxoPTkCl2o4wEAImbbRfOwQc6_LSRQnxqJZiK8D1ZUYMgUgf2y5DTP0W8b7GubbOeoIgtqNJrFiT95unm-uPx1UwP-we8FFlVPPqG-mJtpnzKZlDD_yQw/s1600/a.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="124" data-original-width="348" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi-G6X49UiNp5wxRQJc0GHpvtxoPTkCl2o4wEAImbbRfOwQc6_LSRQnxqJZiK8D1ZUYMgUgf2y5DTP0W8b7GubbOeoIgtqNJrFiT95unm-uPx1UwP-we8FFlVPPqG-mJtpnzKZlDD_yQw/s1600/a.jpg" /></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;"> </span></div>
<b style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10.0pt;">Risiko B</span></b><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">Risiko ber-hazard sedang dengan limit USD 400,000.00.
Perusahaan asuransi mungkin akan menahan sebanyak 3 (tiga) line atau setara
dengan USD 150,000.00 dan mensesikan 5 (</span><st1:city style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt;" w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">lima</st1:place></st1:city><span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">)
line atau USD 250,000.00 ke treaty. </span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJfaHbfTg77QJmV889e2mSjrg_0VPo-wE6lO_zPcv1BhXH2Q0jvxKxi8S-nJ1oXRrZ6CaYcp6Z6w-IP9eGeiiaP_SDFayPICnmYyCxdZXjfNRVjFvpRjdFg2kLoJ_K8lRa2jQa-vCV7Q/s1600/b.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="135" data-original-width="405" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhJfaHbfTg77QJmV889e2mSjrg_0VPo-wE6lO_zPcv1BhXH2Q0jvxKxi8S-nJ1oXRrZ6CaYcp6Z6w-IP9eGeiiaP_SDFayPICnmYyCxdZXjfNRVjFvpRjdFg2kLoJ_K8lRa2jQa-vCV7Q/s1600/b.jpg" /></a></div>
<b style="font-family: arial; font-size: 10pt; text-align: justify;">Risiko C</b><o:p></o:p><br />
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<span style="font-family: "arial"; font-size: 10pt;">Risiko berhazard tinggi dengan
limit USD 500,000.00. Perusahaan asuransi mungkin akan menahan sebanyak 2 line
atau USD 100,000.00 dan mensesikan 8 (delapan) line atau USD 400,000.00 ke
treaty. </span></div>
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Fajar Nindyohttp://www.blogger.com/profile/09461147653843660527noreply@blogger.com